Proficiency Level in English Communication Skills Essay

side of meat is without a doubt the actual universal dustup. While English is not an official language in about countries, it is the language close often taught as a second language. English is most widely used in communicating around the world. The selective information that we* the researchers gathered about communication and English made them realized that the cardinal terminologies must be always together.Good communication creates a intimately ambience and relationship between everyone in every organization most especially if it is inside a business while English is nowadays required in every company. Language is now considered a skill, in fact, big companies, both here and abroad, are now looking for uncorrupted English communication skills among potential employees, sadly, these companies are disappointed.Sad to say that in time the students nowadays are not practicing effective communication some rattling dont want to practice it and some are practicing it in the m ost improper way in the form of the so-called taglish, a combination of Filipino and English words in one sentence. We* The researchers became evoke with the English communication proficiency of the secondary students nowadays those who can pass on to enroll in college will be privileged to learn and be trained more with their communication skills, just now what about those students who cannot afford to be upgraded in tertiary level?Of course theyll apply for a chew over to make a living, but the problem is, even the few purchasable jobs for high school graduates require good communication skills, and unfortunately, we*as the researchers curb noticed, most high school students are not prepared for this lovely of challenge. Some of the students are good in written communication but not that good when it comes to oral because some are shy to permit others hear their English, or afraid to execute a wrong grammars or bad sentence on how or the way they talk.

ICT Organization Essay

1. bear ICTs be innovatively utilize in the absence of minimum literacy levels among the slimy? Yes they mergeerpot be dod in the absence of minimum literacy levels among the poor people. The ICT plays a handsome single-valued function in the rural aras and benefits the concourse that live there. ICTs are customd in the poor communities to empower and inspection and repair the illiterate and people with less knowledge. Applications in agricultural and rural development have a great deal been to provide direct access to market and weather information for the poor and also provides knowledge support to research and extension services. The radio for standard enables farmers to acquire contemporary agricultural and environmental management techniques to receive fooling market information to advertise their farm product and also check up on business skills. A simple mobile is also proving to be an measurable factor facilitating the flow of remittances both international and national as it is the flow of goods and services within nations.2. How stick out the same ICTs be used for ninefold purposes?The mobile, radios and television are not meet used for a superstar purpose they have so many different advantages and purposes that benefit the poor communities. There are two ways in which ICTs have been used when applied to development programsICT drivenICT supportManagement information systems for political relation in project implementation help to improve efficiency and authorization in delivering basic services.3. What steps are choo observed to use, say the profit for meeting the educational and health needs of poor female farmers in an isolated rural federation?EducationEducation is the primary need for any problem that the poor community face. It is crucial in reference working issues of poverty, sexual urge equality as soundly as health problems. It is not just i important in rural areas but in each corner of the earth. If people are educated then the world wouldnt be facing so many problems and poverty as we see in todays time. ICTs play a major role in Education because it enhances the access and maintains quality standards while ensuring the best use of resources for formal and non-formaland teacher education.Buildings of schools, expansion of the education system as rise up as hiring teachers arouse be the first steps taken in addressing educational need. The internet for example can be used for research. They can learn so much from the internet without having to struggle so much. beingness computer literate is very important in todays time and it is so easy to access any information star might need.HealthE-Health is the vital term that includes all aspects of ICT use in health care. This includes telemedicine, where medical advice or consultation I provided over wide distances via satellite, broadband, radio, telephone or other communication technologies. This is the most common ICT in the health sect or. This ICT application should be used in every community especially in rural areas as much as it can to improve the health conditions that exist there. The first step would be to use Telemedicine because it connects the patients in rural and poor areas to medical specialist in the metropolis it can also be used to transmit clinical info from multiple sources to facilitate diagnosis and treatment.Poor Female farmersICTs can help poor female farmers in educating them. ICTs offer opportunities for them to the outside world, home-based e-commerce opportunities and networking with other muliebrity and forming support group online. Once woman have access to ICTs it is doable to empower them through innovative means. ICTs can facilitate womans participation in government and political affairs by providing a communication platform to exchange opinions to articulate and aggregate interest and take over with political leaders about womans issue. There are more bars to womans employment then opportunities. Issues such as Gender domination, Lack of education, Affordability as well as the international side Language. In my opinion these four factors are the most important ones to address for poor female farmers.The first step is to educate them as well as the community about their rights to education as well as free life. The government should provide free education and all its resources so they may not need to face any kind of obstruction in buying something they cannot afford. Its the responsibility of the government to provide the school, teachers, books and resources infallible Secondly be thought the international English language.Which becomes a barrier to most non English language speakers.

The American Psychiatric Association

binge-eating syndrome is an have ail and people affected by binge-alimentation syndrome be abnormally ego-importance conscious and worry immoderately some their physical appearance and weight. Their paranoid concern ca enjoyments to consume excessive amounts of food in short periods of time. Moreover, such(prenominal) people indulge in self bring forth sick, twist around of diuretics and excessive exercise in order to reduce their weight. The American Psychiatric connectedness classified the bulimia inconvenience oneself as a unique discommode of its class in the year 1980. Subsequently in 1987 it changed the name of this disorder to bulimia nervosa.Occasionally the characteristics of bulimia argon found in cases of soulfulnesss low-down from anorexia nervosa. deviant dieting patterns are the primary behavioral symptoms found among patients suffering from anorexia nervosa however, the capacious loss of weight can non be attributed to bulimia. It has been observed t hat Bulimia causes gastrointestinal disorders and unadulterated depletion of potassium in the human dead body. The process of self generate vomiting results in the wrong of the teeth enamel, due(p) to the acidic nature of the vomited food.Adolescents are the primary targets of bulimia disorder, because they undergo severe psychological depression if they are overweight (Bulimia, 2005). Bulimia causes dehydration, malnutrition and mineral imbalances. Insufficient and irregular supply of minerals and fluids whitethorn cause prostitute to fountainhead cells, muscles, reproductive tract, bowels, stomach and other variety meat of the body. Sometimes severe gist problems may also result from bulimia and some of these problems are arrhythmias, congestive heart failure and sudden death.Moreover, tell vomiting results in modify to the throat and esophagus, furthermore, it has been observed that individuals who indulge in self induced vomiting are backward in their donnish career ( Reyes, 2006). According to medical history, cases of illness due to bulimia had not been reported before 1980. Subsequent researchers noticed that there were a right smart number of people who were accustomed to eating large quantities of food at heart a short period of time.Moreover, these people being unable to delay the excessive gain of body weight were in the habit of adopting methods of self induced vomiting in order to control their weight. The name bulimia is used to describe the eating patterns of overweight people and to describe their episodes of inordinateness in eating food. After such episodes of overeating, bulimics attempt to get unfreeze of the extra calories imbibed by them by consuming laxatives. Some bulimics engage in excessive exercise and abstention of food for long periods of time.Subsequent to the end of the disruptive period bulimics consume large amounts of food, which would cause a rupture of the stomach. upchuck the consumed food could cause chem ical imbalance in the body. Bulimarexia is the landmark used to describe people of low body weight who thrust in eating and then get rid of the food eaten by consuming laxatives or by self induced vomiting (The medical checkup Complications of Bulimia). The oligomenorrhea in patients with bulimia affects bone mineral density, however, weight bearing exercises could bear witness to be beneficial.Thus the ever present danger of osteoporosis could be reduced to an considerable extent by resorting to regular exercise (Bulimia Nervosa ). Several studies have inflexible that people with eating disorders have weak bone and suffer from osteoporosis due to inadequate nutrition. Persons suffering from such eating disorders had twice the risk of suffering from osteoporosis and fractures of the bones. Moreover, such eating disorders result in malnutrition for prolonged periods of time and this brings about a gradual wearing of the bone mass and continued nutritional deficits.Eating diso rders, therefore present an enhanced risk of bone fractures due to the damage caused to the human skeleton (Goebel, Schweiger, & Kruger, 2002). Consequences of bulimia include the disturbance of the vital chemical balance of the body fluids and the electrolyte balance. The potassium and calcium levels in the body are drastically depleted due to self induced vomiting and the abuse of laxatives. The vicious cycle of overindulgence in food and subsequent use of laxatives or self induced vomiting results in heart problems, damage to the kidneys and the brain and osteoporosis.Other contraindications are fatigue, depression, sore muscles, faintness, over sensitivity to cold and a susceptibility to gain weight. These symptoms are most common in bulimics as their blood glucose level fluctuates constantly due to overeating food containing carbohydrates (The medical checkup Complications of Bulimia). Furthermore, vomiting disturbs the intricate message system that aids a person to stop eatin g at the appropriate time. Frequent self induced vomiting confuses the brain in properly maintaining the responsive system and this causes the brain to fail to ascertain whether the food consumed is to be retained or not.Such admiration of the brains activity results in perpetual eating habits. pass food restricts the serotonin levels of the brain and these levels are associated with the positive states of brain and jock the person to be in a happy mood. Self induced vomiting and the abuse of laxatives results in the fervor of the gastrointestinal tract and this irritation could prove to be fatal in later stages. Excessive eating and subsequent induced vomiting cause swollen salivary glands and erosion of the enamel of the teeth.Vomiting causes a sore throat that leads to severe bleeding of the esophagus. (The medical examination Complications of Bulimia). The functionality of the stomach is seriously impaired and the abuse of laxative drugs causes permanent damage to the linin g of the bowels affecting their normal functioning. Thus people who abuse laxatives weaken problems like the bloating of the stomach, constipation and diarrhea in the long run (The medical examination Complications of Bulimia).Moreover, bulimia has several deleterious effects on the human body like frequent weight changes, poor skin condition, hair loss, mental defectiveness in menstruation periods, loss of libido, tiredness and lethargy, and increased risk of heart related problems and the danger of a heart attack (What is Bulimia Nervosa? ). References Bulimia. (2005). Microsoft Encarta 2006 DVD . Redmond, WA Microsoft Corporation. Bulimia Nervosa . (n. d. ). Retrieved June 27, 2007, from http//www. healthyplace. com/Communities/Eating_Disorders/women_6. asp Goebel, G. , Schweiger, U. , & Kruger, R. (2002).Predictors of bone mineral density in patients with eating disorders. The International journal of eating disorders , Vol. 32. Iss. 4. ISSN 0276 3478. Reyes, A. P. (2006, Ja nuary 12). Bulimia. Retrieved June 27, 2007, from Discover Health http//health. discovery. com/encyclopedias/illnesses. html? chromium-plate=None&article=2817&page=2 The Medical Complications of Bulimia. (n. d. ). Retrieved June 27, 2007, from http//www. eating-disorders. org. uk/docs/bulimia. doc What is Bulimia Nervosa? (n. d. ). Retrieved June 27, 2007, from http//www. b-eat. co. uk/AboutEatingDisorders/WhatisanEatingdisorder/WhatisBulimiaNervosa

Assignment On Unilever Bangladesh Ltd Essay

IntroductionUnilever is a multinational corporation, formed of British and Dutch parentage, that owns many of the worlds consumer product brands in foods, beverages, cleaning agents and personal care products. Unilever employed 174,000 people and had worldwide revenue of 40.5 billion in 2008.1Unilever is a dual-listed company consisting of Unilever NV in Rotterdam, The Netherlands and Unilever PLC in London, United Kingdom. This arrangement is like to that of Reed Elsevier, and that of Royal Dutch Shell prior to their unified structure. both(prenominal) Unilever companies have the same directors and effectively operate as a wizard business. The current non-executive Chairman of Unilever N.V. and PLC is Michael Treschow while Paul Polman is Group Chief Executive. register of UnileverUnilever was created in 1930 by the amalgamation of the operations of British soapmaker Lever Brothers and Dutch margarine producer Margarine Unie, a merger as manage oil was a major raw material for b oth margarines and soaps and could be imported more efficiently in larger quantities.In the mid-thirties the business of Unilever grew and fresh ventures were launched in Latin America. In 1972 Unilever secured A&W Restaurants Canadian division but sold its shares through a anxiety buyout to former A&W Food Services of Canada CEO Jeffrey Mooney in July 1996. By 1980 soap and edible fats contributed just 40% of profits, compared with an original 90%. In 1984 the company bought the brand Brooke Bond (maker of PG Tips tea). In 1987 Unilever strengthened its stain in the world skin care market by acquiring Chesebrough-Ponds, the maker of Ragu, Ponds, Aqua-Net, Cutex Nail Polish, and Vaseline. In 1989 Unilever bought Calvin Klein Cosmetics, Faberge, and Elizabeth Arden, but the latter was later on sold (in 2000) to FFI Fragrances.In 1996 Unilever purchased Helene Curtis Industries, giving the company a powerful new presence in the United States shampoo and deodorant market. The purc hase brought Unilever the Suave and Finesse hair-care product brands and Degree deodorant brand.Mission of UnileverOur free energy mission commits us to growing our business by addressing health and maintenance issues. We focus on priorities including children and family nutrition, cardiovascular health and weight management. The growing charter for more Vitality in life provides us with a considerable opportunity for growth. The way we work and the products we develop are shaped by consumer trends, along with the need to help raise health and hygiene standards in both the developing and industrialised regions of the world. Mission Statement of Unilever is feel good, prospect good/and get more out of lifePurpose of UnileverAt the heart of the corporate purpose, which guides us in our approach to doing business, is the drive to resolve consumers in a unique and effective way. This purpose has been communicated to all employees worldwide.value of UnileverAs a responsible corpora te entity, Unilever Bangladesh aims to play its part in addressing environmental and social concerns through local anesthetic actions and in partnership with local government and organizationsRange of UnileverOur work with academic groups and other third-parties ensures that we are committed with the very best and most up-to-date scientific thinking. Using the synergies crosswise R&D, we define and design technology that brings vitality to life, delivering a invariable stream of innovation to our business. This map shows our six principal R&D sites.

Reverend Hale Essay

In Arthur Millers, The Crucible, when consultations ar faced with adversity, they are labored to show their current honourables and beliefs. The character of Reverend drop behind fights a battle between what ideasl have been engraved in his mind by books and society, and what he feels in his instinct is truly castigate. In the end his soul prevails and finds him completely motleyd. Because he is a character with such high moral standards regarding everything he does, he sees the flaws and falsities of the witch trials and changes from naively believing completely in witchcraft, to losing only faith in the religion of Salem and deciding that temporal brio is superlative and worth lying for.At starting time, Reverend obligates character is concrete in his beliefs on witchcraft and is original of his duty to carry out the will of God. He has devote his on the whole life to the Puritan religion and learning about witches and witchcraft. In this confabulate to Salem he s ees his first opportunity to put his knowledge and inscription to work. When introducing him, Miller describes bosom as, a tight skinned, eager-eyed intellectual. This is a beloved errand for him on universe called here to ascertain witchcraft he has felt the compliment of the specialist whose unique knowledge has at last been publicly called for (32). Hale enters in a flurry of activity, carrying large books and projecting an air of capacious knowledge.He becomes the force behind the trials, passionately searching out the grievous among the people in Salem, and putting all his efforts into redeeming them. What is more than meaning(a) about Hales character in this early routine is not his actions, but motives. His motives are always for the good of the people and what is slump to God. This goodness is what leads to his transformation because it helps him to see the true good and evil when others are blinded by their pride or ulterior motives.As more and more people are bl ameed, Hale begins to doubt himself. His inner participation builds with every person accuse and convicted, because he senses the innocence of these people. He has disorder believing that characters such as Rebecca Nurse and Elizabeth Proctor could possibly be involved in witchcraft. His doubts are assured and solidified when hewitnesses arse Proctor accusing Abigail and the other female childs of lying. Speaking to Danforth about his doubts on the accusations, he says, I dare not take a life without on that point be a proof so immaculate no slightest misgiving of conscience may doubt it (99). And then when talking about having to convict Rebecca Nurse, he says, Ill not conceal it, may hand shakes tho as with a wound (100).These two quotes show how Hales character shows increasing doubt on something which he at first very adamantly believed. He senses more and more the falsity of the girls testimonies, and when John Proctor testifies, Hale realizes that he can no longer deny his suspicions. It becomes obvious where the truth lies, but out of all the officials of the court, only Hale is able to denounce his past beliefs and let go of his pride.Although Hale succeeds in finding the truth and redeeming himself, he is deep in thought(p) to take action against the court. This makes Hale lose all faith in the law. He dismisses himself of his position in the court, and when he cannot expose the proceeding as a sham, he finds himself begging those accused to fink to the crime and because save their lives. Hale goes from being a tight-skinned, eager eyed individual, to being broken by his failures and the deaths that he is in some ways partly responsible for. Although he comes to a state of despair, Hale does not set in up in helping the people which he once convicted. Because this draw is a tragedy, Hale fails in saving the lives of the heroes, but Hales change is significant because it shows how in some cases goodness will prevail.In his transformation, Hale becomes a character that is good, but not quite as strong as the heroes in the play who choose to breathe out sort of than lie. Although Hale recognizes the evils of the witchcraft trials, his response is not defiance but pitch. Because he cannot stand to see these good people die because of the pride and vengeance of others, he debates to injustice and insists that survival is the highest good. When Hale comes to try to get the accused to confess, he states, I come to do the devils work. I come to counselor Christians they should belie themselves . . . can you not see the blood on my read/write head (131). He states with a little sarcasm that he is now to exercise a sin by getting these people to lie, yet is exempt doing it for the good because the witch trials have all completely been a lie.Hale has lived his whole life following the book and being a true Christian, but because he becomes so discouraged from the witchcraft trials, he finds himself absentminded only f or these people to live, no matter if it is a mortal sin. He also says that, God damns a liar less than he that throws his life away for pride(131). Although the people who decide to die rather than confess are doing it for reason other than pride, Hale comes to believe that nothing, good or bad, which has come from the trials is worth dying for. In his transformation, he comes to believe that sublunary life is a greater gift that eternal life.Hale is a remarkable character. For any person to have the strength to give up something they have believed their whole life takes courage, as well as having to give up all of your pride. With Hale doing this, he becomes broken and gives in to surrender and injustice in order to save lives. Hale is completely transform by the trials, and the only substantial part of Hale that does not change is his desire to do good what does changes is how he vies what good may be. Because he believed so vehemently in what he was doing before, once he opens to the truth he loses all faith in things he believed before, such as the law and in some ways religion.Because of Hales devoid character, he cannot stand to see other innocent people die because of a lie, and decides that it is most important that they save their lives. Hales character goes through all these transformations because of his motives in his life. Because he is motivated by doing what is right and fair, he is able to see the falsity in the trials and become dedicated to saving the lives of those who were innocent.

Nursing and Patient Essay

For each of the above theories, please build the following 1. Brief biography of the theorist (person who piddled the guess) 2. A brief watchword of the important assumptions and concepts of the theories.Florence nightingale is the most recognized name in the correction of treat. Her work was instrumental for developing modern breast feeding practice, and from her first shift, she worked to realise uncomplainings in her c atomic number 18 had what they needed to get healthy. Her Environmental guess changed the typeface of nursing to create sanitary conditions for patients to get cargon.Biography of Florence nightingaleFlorence nightingale was born in 1820 in Italy to a wealthy British family. She was increase in the Angli grass faith, and believed the God called her to be a blow. This call came to her in February 1837 while at Embley Park.She announced her intention to become a nurse in 1844. Her mother and sister were angry at her decision, but nightingale stood strong. She worked hard to learn about nursing, despite societys arithmetic mean that she become a wife and mother. In fact, she rejected a suer because she thought it would interfere with her nursing concerner. In 1853, she accepted the military strength of overseer at the Institute for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Upper Harley Street, London. She held this position until October 1854. The income given to her by her father during this time allowed her to pursue her career and restrained live comfortably.Though Nightingale had several important friendships with women, including a counterbalance with an Irish nun named Sister Mary Clare Moore, she had little respect for women in general, and preferred friendships with powerful men.She died in 1910.Career of Florence NightingaleNightingale is trump out known for her pioneering work in the bowl of nursing. She tended to wounded soldiers during the Crimean War. She became known as the Lady with the Lamp because of her night rounds. While nursing soldiers during the war, Nightingale worked to improve sustentation and conditions in the wards. Many injured soldiers were dying from illnesses weaken from their injuries, such as typhoid, cholera, and dysentery. Nightingale made changes on the wards or st wileed the process by business the Sanitary Commission. Her work led to a reduction in the expiration rates of injured soldiers from 42% to 2%. Nightingale believed the deaths were the result of brusque nutrition, inadequate supplies, and the soldiers being dramatically overworked. After collecting evidence that pointed to unhealthful conditions as a major cause of death, Nightingale worked to improve sanitization in army and civilian hospitals during peacetime.After the Crimean War, she established a nursing school at St. Thomas Hospital in London in 1860. The first nurses trained at this school began working in 1865 at the Liverpool Workhouse Infirmary. It was the first secular nursing school in the world, a nd is now expose of Kings College London. Her work laid the foundation for modern nursing, and the goner all new nurses take was named after her.Nightingale wrote Notes on care for (1859), which was the foundation of the curriculum for her nursing school and other nursing schools. This abruptly text was considered the foundation of nursing education, and even sold well to the public. She to a fault wrote Notes on Hospitals, Notes on Matters Affecting the Health, and Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army. Nightingale spent the rest of her career working toward the memorial tablet and growth of nursing as a profession, paving the way for nursing in its current form.In 1883, Nightingale was given the Royal Red finical by Queen Victoria. In 1907, she was the first woman to receive the install of Merit. In 1908, she was given the Honorary Freedom of the City of London. International Nurses solar day is celebrated on her birthday. Florence Nightingales Contri bution to treat system Environmental Theory Florence Nightingale is attributed with establishing the modern practice of nursing. She also contributed to the field with nursing theories unchanging used today. One of her nursing theories is the Environmental Theory, which incorporates the patients touch purlieu in his or her nursing care plan.In this theory, the use of goods and services of the nurse is to use the patients environment to help him or her recover and get back to the usual environment. The reason the patients environment is important is because it can affect his or her health in a positive or negative way. Some environmental factors modify health according to Nightingales theory are unspoilt air, pure water, sufficient food and appropriate nutrition, efficient drainage, cleanliness, and well-to-do or direct sunlight. If any of these factors is lacking, it can delay the patients convalescence. Nightingale also emphasized providing a quiet, warm environment for p atients to recover in. The theory also calls for nurses to assess a patients dietary needs, memorandum food intake times, and evaluate how the patients diet affects his or her health and recovery.Determining a patients environment for recovery based on his or her condition or disease is still practiced today, such as in patients suffering from tetanus, who need minimal noise to keep them calm and prevent seizures.http//nursing-theory.org/nursing-theorists/Florence-Nightingale.phps the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingales Environment Theory changed the face of nursing practice. She served as a nurse during the Crimean War, at which time she observed a correlativity in the midst of the patients who died and their environmental conditions. As a result of her observations, the Environment Theory of nursing was born. Nightingale explained this theory in her book, Notes on Nursing What it is, What it is Not. The set of nursing that developed from Nightingale, who is consid ered the first nursing theorist, contains elements that have not changed since the establishment of the modern nursing profession. Though this theory was pioneering at the time it was created, the principles it applies are timeless.There are seven assumptions made in the Environment Theory, which focuses on taking care of the patients environment in fix to reach health goals and cure illness. These assumptions are 1. natural laws 2. mankind can achieve perfection 3. nursing is a calling 4. nursing is an art and a science 5. nursing is achieved through environmental alteration 6. nursing requires a specific educational base 7. nursing is distinct and separate from medicine The focus of nursing in this model is to alter the patients environment in order to affect change in his or her health.The environmental factors that affect health, as identified in the theory, are fresh air, pure water, sufficient food supplies, efficient drainage, cleanliness of the patient and environment, and light (particularly direct sunlight). If any of these body politics is lacking, the patient may experience diminished health. A nurses role in a patients recovery is to alter the environment in order to gradually create the optimal conditions for the patients body to heal itself. In near cases, this would mean minimal noise and in other cases could mean a specific diet. All of these areas can be manipulated to help the patient view his or her health goals and get healthy.The Environment Theory of nursing is a patient-care theory. That is, it focuses on the care of the patient rather than the nursing process, the relationship between patient and nurse, or the individual nurse. In this way, the model must be adapted to fit the needs of individual patients. The environmental factors affect opposite patients unique to their situations and illnesses, and the nurse must address these factors on a individual basis in order to make sure the factors are modify in a way that best cares for an individual patient and his or her needs.The ten major concepts of the Environment Theory, also identified as Nightingales Canons, are1. Ventilation and warming2. Light and noise3. Cleanliness of the area4. Health of houses5. Bed and bedding6. Personal cleanliness7. Variety8. Offering consent and advice9. Food10. ObservationAccording to Nightingale, nursing is separate from medicine. The goal of nursing is to put the patient in the best possible condition in order for nature to act. Nursing is the activities that promote health which occur in any caregiving situation. Health is not only to be well, but to be able to use well every power we have. Nightingales theory addresses disease on a literal level, explaining it as the absence seizure of comfort.The environment paradigm in Nightingales model is clearly the most important aspect. Her observations taught her that unsanitary environments contribute greatly to ill health, and that the environment can be altered in order to im prove conditions for a patient and allow healing to occur.Nightingales Modern Nursing Theory also impacted nursing education. She was the first to suggest that nurses be specifically educated and trained for their positions in healthcare. This allowed there to be standards of care in the field of nursing, which helped improve overall care of patients

Managerial tasks Essay

A. Every condescension requires motorcoachs to control and execute the business. only the acquisitions required for each individual industry willing vary. Here we will study the managerial skills required for a manager of a monger appliance business, a put forwardcleaning service and an appliance repair business. hawk Machine business The markets for such business are targeted to the pedestrians and passersby. The vending machine should have sufficient stock and should be refilled at regular intervals. The manager concerned must have the idea about the demand and proviso of the product, have the idea about stock taking and to identify locations with maximal sales. The manager should be mobile in order to verify the potentiality of each vending machine and identify any shortfall or lacuna. Also, have idea about advertising and marketing at vantage locations.Housecleaning service The business is more about relationship, because the clients will be repeat customers. The bett er service you can provide the better business you can generate. The manager should know where to tap customers, should be a sizeable man manager and get word quality of work. Good PR skill is a must. The manager should also ensure the safety precautions required during house cleaning.Appliance repair business This business also requires good PR and is based on repeat customers. But, the manager also need to be technically sound, and should have knowledge about repairing the specific range of product. He should be a good man manger, stick to tight schedules and ensure quality service. The manager should keep himself and his team upgraded with the newest technologies and latest changes in the product. It is a technology driven business, which requires lot of excellent technical skill dress up apart from the basic requirements of marketing and sales.

Coffee Consumption in China

chinas entry into the WTO on December 11, 2001 accelerated the movement toward a market-oriented economy, stretch out up our new markets for foreigners and invest more into foreign market,which further influences Chinese lifestyle. We can see the change from driving habit to the drinking habit. For example, china has traditionally been a tea-drinking nation. However,the global spread of coffee-houses is touching down in china, with coffee consumption increasing year after year.It is estimated that the number could surface to 400,000 tones by 2012. The large number of consumers, which influences the coffee consumption, are returnees. As the profuse pace of globalization in China, the increasing number of Chinese go to study or work abroad for each one year. When they return to China , they will carry on living in coffee, which they confirm get under ones skin accustomed to. Visiting cafes and drinking coffee at breakfast is not a novelty for these consumers. One will find man y Starbucks subject on the streets of China.Foreign ex-pats comprise another proportion of coffee consumers in China. Chinas open market has attracted substantial foreign investment, which has conduct to rapid increase in the number of ex-pats. Shanghais decreed statistics show that the number of Taiwanese living in Shanghai for succinct periods (at least three months) is estimated at 230,000. The figure is expected to increase each year. Ex-pats are at the high-end of coffee consumption and are also steady patrons of cafes.It is reported that Westerners and businessmen from Hong Kong and Taiwan represent 30% of customers at chained cafes. (1) A unique aspect of coffee usage in China is that coffee beans are also used as a medicate to treat chornic disoders such as cirrhosis of liver and gallstones. Since the Chinese have realized the medicinal value of coffee and more research is macrocosm done to produce medicines, the import of coffee beans from Brazil and Ethiopia has gro wn tangled in the last couple of year.

Personality Testing of New Hires

record Testing During the Hiring Process genius testing is non a newly topic. What is new is the ongoing shift in mental capacity that has diluted the value of disposition testing during the hiring process and unaccompanied go outs a value in using temperament testing after the prognosis has joined the organization. This will be challenged by offshoot providing a plan history on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) and reviewing the years of dedicated seek that went into the development of the test.Second, it will reveal the correlations of the test results to job requirements through peculiar(prenominal) examples. Third, it will discuss why applicant honesty and company constitution counterbalances genius testing necessary. Fourth, it will identify and support how many organizations successfully use the MBTI for applications separate than pre-employment. Finally, organizations utilizing constitution testing, unique(predicate)ally the MBTI, as a disjoint the h iring process will identify the strongest and most compatible candidate for the demand organizational needs. legion(predicate) organizations atomic number 18 following the notion that personality tests get hold of no relevance to job performance and should not be use as a tool to support the hiring process however, it can be used appropriately for leadershiphip identification, self-aw atomic number 18ness and squad building (Robbins & Judge, 2008). The testing of personalities was at its peak in the early 19 fifties with MBTI leading the bureau (Overholt, 2004). Banks initially used the MBTI as a pre-screening tool in nineteen forty six. Not one or two banks, but the spotless industry was committed to utilizing the MBTI.This concept of capturing personality was developed by Isabel Briggs Myers and her get Katherine Cook Briggs. They performed rigorous studies of some earlier utilization by a Swiss psychiatrist by the name of Carl Jung. The first assessment was a couple of simple questionnaires that would gauge people by their personality compositors case. in that location be 16 possible types that atomic number 18 configured out of quadruplet specific categories. The dedication of the Myers-Briggs team was unsurpassed. Even after her mother passed away, Myers played out her life advancing this body of work. Rubis et al. , 2005) For those who may not be old(prenominal) with the structure of the test, here atomic number 18 the parameters. There argon one vitamin C questions that argon situational establish. The participant is to choose the answer that go around describes the general actions or feelings they usually piss when in that situation (Robbins & Judge, 2008). The questions are built virtually general concepts of personality, and by answering the questions it helps to reveal the participants personality type (Pepper, Kolesnikov-Jessop, & Herman, 2005).There is no right or wrong when answering. The questions are open to interpretati on, because every question is presented on logical opposition (Bentley, 2007). The participant simply determines which one holds them the best. Some examples of the questions a participant would be asked are as follows Would you rather be considered a practical person or an ingenious person? , and Does following a schedule appeal to you or cramp you? (Ross, n. p. ) Once the participant finishes the test, the answers are consolidated into one of the sixteen personality types.Anyone that takes the test will fit into one of the sixteen personality types that the MBTI generates (Rutzick, 2007, June). To catch how the MBTI can be beneficial in the hiring process, a but definition of the different personality types is necessary. Robbins & Judge (2008) state the following Individuals are classified as extroverted or introverted (E or I), detective work or intuitive (S or N), thinking or feeling (Tor F), discernment or perceptive (J or P).These terms are defined as follows Extroverted verses introverted. Extroverted unmarrieds are outgoing and assertive. Introverts are quiet and shy. spying verses Intuitive. Sensing types are practical and select routine and order. Intuitives rely on unconscious processes and look at the big picture. thought process verses feeling. Thinking types use reason and logic to handle problems. Feeling types rely on their personal values and emotions. Judging verses perceiving.Judging types want control and prefer their world to be ordered and structured. Perceiving types are flexible and spontaneous. (p. 108) Examples of how the actual results would be presented and what would be learned about the participant are the INTJ or introverted, intuitive, thinking, sound judgment singular and would be considered a visionary they are strong willed and could some clock be considered bullheaded they are creative and like to act on their own ideas and thoughts. (Robbins & Judge, 2008).Another example would be the ESTJ or extrovert, sensing, thinking, judging individual and would be considered as the organizer they are planners who like solving reliable problems, they work well around others and are very trade tending(p) (Robbins & Judge, 2008). Using the two previous examples of personality types, consider the following scenario Employer A has a position open in the operations department for a supervisor. Of the two candidates, the INTJ or the ESTJ, which one would be the transgress fit in an operations supervisor, k promptlying both candidates interviewed equally?The ESTJ would make the best choice, organized, business minded, like solving problems, and as an extrovert will do better working around other people. In contrast if the INTJ is placed in this operational position, it would not challenge his visionary traits and his strong will would work against him when essay to supervise others. It would not be long before the employer or employee, or both, realized they were the wrong fit and separating the employe e may be the best solution. This would cause an increase in turnover and training costs that could have been avoided.The information personality testing provides becomes extremely useful when trying to find the proper job fit, and it would have to increase job propitiation because now the candidate is in a position or role that suites his anomalous personality, increasing the potential for them to naturally excel. In conjunction with the interview process, personality testing opens up insight that could easily be missed when trying to assess if a candidate will be the right fit for the position (Baker, 2008).There are other factors that create an importance for personality testing during the hiring process. Two of these factors are the increased levels of misrepresentation on resumes and applicants information or paying for coach to teach them how to give a vast interview (Van Steenwyk, 2008). Another factor to be considered is that references are getting harder to validate. Ma ny organizations have implemented policies that do not allow the providing of job specific references, they will only validate dates of employment (Van Steenwyk).Having the ability to draw consensus amidst the information on a resume, the information given by references, what is learned in the interview, and then match all that information up against the results of the personality test allows the perspective employer to have more points of congruency when making a nett decision. It helps the employer find the personal side of what is on the resume and reduces failure based on job incompatibility (Baker, 2008). It could be argued that candidates could learn to give what they call up to be the desired answers on a personality test, like the MBTI.Although not impossible it is a bad way to start a new job and most tests check for continuity of the participants answers to make sure the candidate in not lying (Overholt, 2004). Some other highly accepted ways the MBTI is used in organiz ations are for leadership identification and filling, self-awareness, and team building (Rubis et al. 2005). When an organization needs to select or identify leaders, testing becomes very useful to find the personality traits that are requirement to successful leaders (Robbins & Judge, 2008). There are benefits to the established leaders learning more about their own personality.Once the leaders are armed with the characterizations of their personality type, they can make accommodations for their weaknesses or soften overly direct qualities helping them in their handling of situational outcomes (Rutzick, 2007). During the training or coaching of leaders, many professional trainers or coaches choose to use the MBTI as the first step for helping the leader better understand who they are so they can better understand and lead others (Bentley, 2007). For any leaders to be truly effective they must be able to understand others, allowing them to tilt into what motivates or drives an i ndividual or group (Bentley, 2007).Personality testing provides that essential information. Work teams find personality testing to be helpful during eras of conflict resolution as many times personality differences are at the center of most communication barriers (Bentley, 2007). By understanding their individual differences, team members learns to become more tolerant of the other because now they understand why the others think what they think or contradict the way they react to certain situations, this understanding creates a more cohesive and productive team (Bentley, 2007).Stronger cooperation will decrease costly turnover and increase job satisfaction because it stimulates open sharing and sparks creativity. (Robbins & Judge, 2008) Currently, there are eighty nine of the case One Hundred businesses that employ the MBTI for their pre-hiring process, team building, and leadership identification and selection (Pepper et al. , 2005). Personality testing works and the results a re trustworthy.To state it more directly, eighty nine of the top one hundred companies choose not to bring down the bar, and place a higher importance on wanting to whap who they are getting into business with before they make the job offer. This type of emphasis on the selection process helps these companies sustain the strong nicetys that are in place, by realizing that several candidates will have the skill or the talent to perform at high levels (Robbins & Judge, 2008). They only hire the candidates that give birth that high level to perform and exemplify the highest compatibility with the organizations culture (Robbins & Judge, 2008).The MBTI has a history of proven success and worldwide acceptance as a pre-screening tool (Robbins & Judge, 2008). Many organizations make costly mistakes in the hiring of individuals only to discover that because of their personality they just do not fit in. Organizations utilizing testing, in cooperation with the appropriate interview process , greatly reduce costly hiring mistakes and job incompatibilities, piece increasing individual and team performance. The trend in people circumspection and development has moved from hard cutting and insensitive to a softer hyper-sensitive approach.It is time to find the middle ground between the engaged work environment and putting the right people in place that will extend to greater results. References Baker, B. (2008). HIRING HINTS. PM Network, 22(9), 26-27. Bentley, R. (2007). Fit for What Purpose?. Training and Coaching Today, n. p. Overholt, A. (2004). Personality Test Back With a Vengeance. Fast Company, n. p. Pepper, T. , Kolesnikov-Jessop, S. , & Herman, M. (2005). Inside the Head of an Applicant. Newsweek, 145(8), E24-E26. Robbins, S. P. , & Judge, T. A. (2008). organizational Behavior (13 ed. . Upper Saddle River Pearson/Pentice-Hall. Rubis, L. , Fox, A. , Pomeroy, A. , Leonard, B. , Shea, T. F. , & Moss, D. et al. (2005, December 2). 50 FOR HISTORY. HRMagazine, 50, 10-24. Rutzick, K. (2007). Personality Test. disposal Executive, 39(9), 22-23. Van Steenwyk, J. (2008). Using Tests to Screen Employees. Journal of Financial Planning, n. v, n. p.. Williams, R. L. , Verble, J. S. , Price, D. E. , & Layne, B. H. (1995). Relationship of Self-Management to Personality Types and Indices. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(3), 494.

The Scarlet Letter and the Awakening

The Scarlet Letter is a refreshing found on the commitment of the sin of criminal conversation. Hester, the main character, slept with a nonher(prenominal) part, thus having a baby bird with him while she was already married. The Awakening is overbold that is based on selfhood and feminism. Edna does not hit the hay her husband the way that he loves her, so she gains feelings for some(prenominal) separate men.Nathaniel Hawthornes novel, The Scarlet Letter, and Kate Chopins, The Awakening, both wee similar motifs, as yet differentiate in many ways, desire the actions of Hester and Edna, symbolizationism in for to apiece single one novel, and how the other characters affect Hester and Edna, which all affect the views on women and femininity. Hester commits adultery by sleeping with Arthur Dimmesdale thus causing her to have a baby with him that she loves dearly. The riddle is that Hester already has a husband, whose name is Chillingworth, besides she did not love hi m as much he loved her.Now, she has to wear a scarlet letter, which is an A, on her chest at all measure until she finally reveals who the father of her tiddler is. Here, there was the taint of deepest sin in the most sacred superior of human manners, working such effect that the world was only the darker for this womanhoods beauty, and the more lost for the infant that she had borne. (Hawthorne, 54) The sin that Hester created is hidden bathroom her beauty and her child. Divine Maternity is a spectacular image for puritans, which Hester was. As for Edna, she also does not love her husband but she does love her ii children.Since Edna does not feel the like way for her husband, feelings for other men set forth to occur not only one, but several others. Beneath its pink-lined value were his wife, Mrs. Pontellier, and young Robert Lebrun. (Chopin, 2) Robert was one of the men Edna would flirt with and ended up having feelings for. However, Robert cared closely Edna too m uch to have her commit adultery. both Hester and Edna had to marry during their time, but they did not love their husbands, so they ended up having affairs with another guy, or guys in Ednas case.Although they both had affairs with someone else, Edna did not actually commit the crime of adultery. She was merely just talking to other guys and developing feelings for them. Hester actually slept with another man and ended up having a baby with him. Hester and Ednas actions come to show that Hesters sin is worse than what Edna did, but the ii are still very awful. Symbolism plays a huge piece in both novels. pearl is a major dynamic symbol in The Scarlet Letter. She represents the sin of Hester and Dimmesdale. Throughout the novel, she is continuously changing yet still perceived as evil.However, she is named Pearl because of its oral meaning as well. But she named the infant Pearl, as if being of great price-purchased with all she had-her beats only assess. (Hawthorne, 85) Pe arl is Hester and Dimmesdales treasure that they created. The scarlet letter also represents adultery. Hester is to wear it at all times until she finally decides to reveal who the father of Pearl is. The letter prevents Hester from doing whatever she pleases and causes her to turn frustrated. As for The Awakening, the Parrot is one of the main symbols.It represents Edna in the way of how her life is like. The parrot is trapped inside a cage and wants to be released so that it can finally spread its wings and fly. This relates to Edna because she wants to escape from her husband, children, and the society so that she can finally be on her own. Water is another symbol in Chopins novel. The sea represents Ednas freedom and escape. It is where she truly feels like she can be herself and safe in solitary. Also, the sea represents rebirth, in which Ednas awakening is associated with rebirth.However, Edna ends her life in the sea which also shows how horrifying freedom can be. The symbo ls in both stories represent Hester and Edna and how they act. Each symbol does have a different meaning, though and mean different things between each story. It just comes to show how each character is different from each other regarding their personalities and actions. Other characters in the stories affect the main characters and the plot. Dimmesdale, the father of Pearl, is the man Hester move her sin with.He is forced to hide the fact that he is the father, because Dimmesdale is a respected minister deep down their society. Dimmesdale and Hester love each other and love Pearl very dearly. Chillingworth is Hesters husband and is forced to hide his identicalness by changing his name. He left Hester for 2 years and within those two years, she committed adultery. Chillingworth comes back only to see that Hester has a child with a man that is not him. Chillingworth figured out that it was Dimmesdale and tries to sabotage him. Pearl is Hester and Dimmesdales daughter. Pearl tries to make Hester accept er sin.She also makes her mother wear the scarlet letter and depart not take it murder for the wrong reason. Pearl does not want her mother to run international from her sin but to face up to it, so when Hester tries to run forth from her sin, Pearl starts to become stubborn. And here by a sudden impulse, she move to the young clergyman, Mr. Dimmesdale Speak thou for me cried she. megabyte wast my pastor, and hadst charge of my soul, and knowest me better than these man can. I will not lose the child Speak for me Thou knowestfor thou hast sympathies which these men lack Look thou to itI will not lose the child Look to it (Hawthorne, 100). By Hester announcing that, it meant that her only unbowed reason for life was for Pearl, and that if the one richness of her life was devoured by Puritan thought and society, she would have lost her. Pearl was everything to her. She was all that she had left to lose, and she would do anything to protect her beloved da ughter. In The Awakening, Leonce Pontellier is Ednas husband and the father of their two children. He does not spend very much time with them cod to him always being out doing other goods with his friends or business.Leonce expects Edna to be the holy wife and mother and treats her with love. Be that as it may, Edna does not feel the same way towards him. Robert is one of Ednas lovers. During the beginning of the novel, they start flirting with each other, thus developing feelings towards one another. Adele is one of Ednas good friends and is the exemplification female. She helps Edna gain towards her freedom. Mademoiselle Reisz is Ednas inspiration. She only revolves her life around one thing music. She has no husband, no children and is a talented pianist. She helps Edna get to where she is during the rising tide of the story.Hester seems to love Pearl to a greater degree than Edna loves her children, because of her devotion to Pearl, Hester could be seen as stereotypical true woman more than than Edna does not exactly. The commitment of adultery with Dimmesdale is keeping her from having that title. Hester, like Edna, believes that society needs to change its attitude towards women and their role in their society. The difference between the two women is that Hester fees that she has something to lose and if she actually wheel spoke her mind, Pearl would be taken away from her.Edna, however, felt so strongly about the injustices within her society that it became more important to her than her love for her children. Both stories are based on the fact that women are not handle fairly within their society. The two women do not endure their husbands, causing them to have affairs with others. Although, the differences create the actual story for each novel and makes them different in their own way. The actions of the characters really show their personalities. The symbols change how the aspects of the novel and characters are interpreted and other character s affect how the main character is changed.

Employee Recognition in Relation to Motivation Theories

The term pauperization, which is specify using various terminologies, is often dropd to describe protestent flakes of way. motif is the internal state or the condition that activates look and gives it direction the inclination or pauperization that energizes and directs give upeavor-oriented behavior, or the influence of indispensableness and lusts on the chroma and direction of behavior. (Huitt, 2001) Motivation is specific to an individualistics make-up, their ad hominem interests, wants and desires, or need to fulfill a final stage.S of all timeal elements influence an employees take aim of need pay, opportunity for advancement, reaping and development, telephone line protective c overing, h unrivalledsty and integrity, whole kit and boodle conditions, reward and actualisation. Employee recognition is often praised at a successful inducement. To understand what promoters influence need we need to understand the research and theories demonstrable to d efine and exempt pauperism. Discussion Motivational theories dating back to the archaean 1950s provide a foundation to todays motivational c at single timepts. Robbins, 2005) Abraham Maslow introduced the pecking order of inescapably hypothesis suggesting that needs ar a physiological or psychological deficiency that a soul disembodied spirits the urge to satisfy.Maslows hypothesis proposes that individuals argon actuate by multiple needs and that these needs argon present in a hierarchical order. Maslows surmisal was that an unsatisfied need influences an individuals behaviour and once the need is satisfied it is no longer a motivator. The model of needs was positive using five levels of human race needs hysiological, preventative, social, esteem, and self recognition. Physiological and safety levels were described as the dismount levels of the model following the musical theme that these needs be satisfied externally. To satisfy the lower level needs of hun ger, shelter, security is happen uponed by things much(prenominal) as pay, medical benefits, or tenure. The higher-order needs which are met internally include social, esteem, and self actualization. The notionion is that an individual studys through each level of the model one by one. from each one level mustiness be satisfied before moving on to the next level eventually attaining self-actualization. Self-actualization is the point in which one has reached their supreme possible. (Robbins, 171) Douglas McGregor had opposing theories Theory X and Theory Y to explain an individuals behaviour in run away and geological formational life. McGregor theorized that management pertain more than simply giving orders and coercing obedience it was a careful fit of needs of the organization with the needs of individuals.McGregor followed Maslows hierarchy of needs philosophical system to describe human needs and to support the belief that an individuals need is satisfied through subject area. Studying how motorbuss interacted with employees, McGregor identified a disapprovemined of beliefs directors employ to assess employees. The speculations identified in Theory X are establish on the lower level needs (physiological, safety) on the hierarchy model. This portrayed a somewhat detrimental viewpoint using the assumption that most quite a little allow avoid figure because they dont like it and must be persuaded to put forth signifi deposet reason.The individuals in this category are not interested in being self-led, do not care to take on responsibility as they are content following directions. (Robbins, 2005) In opposition to this, Theory Y uses the top(prenominal) level of the needs (social, esteem, self-actualization) hierarchy model stating that most individuals are self-led to accomplish goals in which they involve set for themselves. In this positive view, McGregor identifies that employees regard work as a natural activity.This premise l ed to the belief that motivation occurs due to an individuals drive to satisfy their needs. McGregor identified those managers of Theory Y typeface employees believed that wad inherently like to work. A result of this belief the manager pushes more responsibility on the employee in an attempt shape employees goals to align with the organization. Following the steps of Maslow and McGregor, Frederick Herzberg genuine a motivational possibility based on the needs concept. Trying to resoluteness the question what do people want from work, he developed the Two operator speculation.Based upon his studies he believed that joy and dissatisf exercise at work arose from different factors, and was not simply opposing reactions. Hygiene needs are defined as company policy, work conditions, race with supervisor, and salary by Herzberg. He believed that people strive to achieve hygiene needs because without them they are un expert, but once satisfied the effect ordain wear off. End resul t or import is that satisfaction is temporary. This factor indicates that people are not motivated by addressing these hygiene needs, fulfillment just appeases the individual.Herzbergs second factor is identifying motivators, suggesting that individuals are motivated by enabling them to reach for and satisfy true motivating factors much(prenominal) as personal growth, development, recognition, responsibility and achievement which assure to a high level of meaning and fulfillment. Maslow, McGregor, and Herzberg were pioneers in motivational study. The get along of research on the topic did not end in that respect. Contemporary researchers require continue collecting data and developing theories in the subject land of motivation. The concept of what motivates an employee continues to intrigue researches.Data collected today is not a direct dispute to past hypothesis but a admonition on the neuter of the times, the change in work environment. Clayton Alderfer modified Maslow s Hierarchy of Needs introducing the ERG speculation consisting of trey need categories existence, relatedness, and growth. Alderfers speculation suggested that movement between the need levels is quite simple, resulting in a degeneration when an individual does not meet a higher-order need. The ERG theory starts with existence identifying an individuals need to satisfy hunger, thirst, and sex, correlating with Maslows lower level needs of physiological and safety.Alderfer classifies the need for successful relationships with new(prenominal)s (family, friends, co players, etc. as relatedness adjust with Maslows theory of social need and esteem. Lastly, Alderfer categorized a persons desire for personal growth and increasing competence as growth. (Robbins, 2005) The ERG theory although similar to Maslows Hierarchy of Needs theory differs in the philosophy that people puke work towards fulfilling the different level of needs at the same time.Contrary to Maslows beliefs that an individual must obtain and satisfy a need before attempting to work on the next need level Alderfer theorized that these areas are simultaneous. In addition to accept that individuals worked on the different needs categories at the same time he also introduced the concept of regression. As an individual attempts to satisfy a high lever need frustration my occur resulting in regression to satisfying a lower level need. This idea proposes potential impacts in employee motivation.An employee can become frustrated if the opportunity for growth and development is not made available resulting in regression towards the relatedness need. This leads to de-motivation where as the employee loses focus on satisfying the growth need and begins to concentrate on building and maintaining relationships with others. David McClelland developed a motivational theory based on needs as tumesce. McClelland proposed that individual needs are acquired over time and are shape by the early experiences fa ced in life.McClelland identified three needs influence an individuals motivation and effectiveness in an organization achievement, power and connection. McClelland based his theory on the thought that everyone prioritizes needs differently. He also believed that needs were acquired based on an individuals experiences in life. The need to succeed or excel (achievement) is associated with individuals who are driven to do things better. These individuals are motivated by personal responsibility in identifying solvings to problems, desire immediate feedback on their cognitive operation to determine if they are improving or not, and set challenging goals. The need for power is the desire to have impact, to be influential, and to stamp down others. (Robbins, 2005)Power can be categorized in one of two types personal and institutional. Individuals driven to direct others when its unwanted is personal power, whereas those who want to organize the trys of others to further the goals of the company is institutional power. Individuals who possess the need for institutional power are more effective leading employees than one who desires to control people. Individual who have a high need of power are likely to follow a path of continued promotion over time.Behaviors including enjoying being in charge, wanting to influence others, prefer competitive situations, and are more concerned with prestige and influence over others versus effective fulfillance are associated with the need for power. And finally, McClelland identified the need for affiliation. People with the need for affiliation seek harmonious relationships, social approval, and need to feel accepted by other people. Individuals seeking to fulfill the affiliation need prefer to work in situations that provide social interaction they enjoy being section of a group and tend to conform to the norm of the group.There are two types of motivation intrinsic and inessential. Intrinsic motivation is when individual s are internally motivated to do something because it either brings them pleasure, or they believe it is important. Many of the motivational theories discussed in the first portion of this paper are associated with intrinsic motivation. Maslow, McGregor, Herzberg, Alderfer, and McClelland based their theories of behavior on individuals desire to satisfy basic and advanced needs. These desires are based on the individuals level of personal satisfaction and the theory focuses on the natural tendency toward growth and development.Additional studies have been conducted with theories based on extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is when an individual is compelled to perform based on external factors like money, recognition, rewards, ect. Cognitive theories such as Goal-Setting, Reinforcement, and faithfulness have received a similar summate of attention as needs-based theories. Cognitive theory is based on the idea that high intrinsic motivation levels are strongly resistant to t he prejudicious impacts of extrinsic rewards. No matter how interesting or exciting a job is there is still an expectation for some type of extrinsic payment.For those positions or jobs that fall in between the highly satisfying as such and low level less(prenominal) interesting work cognitive theory may be more appropriate. (Robbins, 2005) Edwin Locke believed that the objective of working towards a goal is a key foundation in employee motivation. Locke introduced the Goal-Setting theory using the concept that setting goals offers an employee structure. Goals establish was needs to be done, and from this the individual understands how much effort is required to complete the task.As the goal becomes more challenging the effort required increases. Understanding this basic concept supports the theory that goals are of import to the company in the respect that challenging goals leads to increase employee performance. Locke further suggests that employee social function in goal setti ng increases the commitment and drive to obtain the goal. pickings a slightly different come on, the Reinforcement theory looks at the relationship between behavior and the consequences that arise from specific behaviors.The theory implies that individual behavior can be modified using different techniques such as positive strengthener, avoidance, extinction, or punishment. Reinforcement theory ignores the state of the individual and concentrates solo on what happens to a person when he or she takes some action. (Robbins, 2005) This theory is based on the idea that is the physical, environmental stimuli that individuals are opened to affects ones behavior, their motivation does not come from within (emotions, feelings, desires, etc. The idea is to respond or do not respond to original types of behavior. An warning of reinforcement is when a frustrated child is throwing a mood tantrum, one of two reinforcement approaches can be used escape the parent ignores the behavior in a n attempt to show the tantrum leave behind not be acknowledged and the tantrum will end. Or, punishment such as placing the child in time will reinforce that the type of behavior is unacceptable and will not be tolerated. The theory is that the prejudicial consequence of being in time out will deter similar behavior.An individuals perception can play a large role in their job performance. The Equity theory states that employees analyze their job process, the tasks required and their performance with other employees and react accordingly. Based on the coincidence the employee may feel as though others are treated better, (increased pay, better working conditions, more/less hours) and tend to act accordingly. Employees will also compare their output in relation to the companys input (reward) to determine if the input is equal to their effort.When there is a negative perception, or it felt that there is an inequality an individual may square up to decrease the amount of effort th ey put forward, look for work elsewhere, cut off the quality of their work or attempt to persuade co-workers perceptions. On the other side of the theory when employees perceive that they are being treated equitably or fairly they are more apt to be happy or satisfied resulting in increased participation/productivity. Given a thorough review of the different theories that have been developed, studied and documented there is not a quick, easy, or one size fits all answer to what motivates employees.Most often the typical response to this question is money. that surprisingly enough when employees are surveyed money is not the number one answer. (Robbins, 2005) Kenneth Kovach Ph. D. , discusses employee survey results in Employee Motivation Addressing a Crucial Factor in Your Organizations Performance. Ranking high on the home base is full appreciation of work done. (Kovach, 1995) Kovach compared results from an employee survey conducted in 1946 and in 1995, employees ranked full ap preciation of work done number 1 and number 2 respectively.Obviously the change in times and work environment played a part in the slight change over the years. Kovachs point is that based upon employee surveys money is not a hot topic, what seem to be on the minds of employees is interesting work, appreciation of work and the feeling of being in on things or involved. One approach to satisfy these desires is the use of recognition. Recognition, what is it? Websters dictionary defines recognition as to substantiate, to know, to admit the value. To use this in todays organizations recognition is about noticing and honoring ones performance. Hansen, Smith, & Hansen, 2002) Employee recognition is the parley used to identify the positive performance or outcomes conducted for the organization.How do we correlate the use and effect of recognition with the different motivational theories? Hansen discusses Maslows concept of expressive mode theorizing that people are propelled by growth motivation quite an than by deficiency motivation (lack of faith in human potential) Employees are not dependant on the extrinsic satisfaction, but rather dependant on their own personalities and hidden resources for their continued growth and development. Hansen, 2002) patently put, individuals are motivated by acknowledgment of progress, growth and development, as wellhead as performance. Similarly, Herzbergs two-factor theory distinguishes between hygiene and motivator motivation factors. Hygiene factors correlate to job dissatisfaction, while motivator factors align with job satisfaction. Herzberg believed that job dissatisfaction and job satisfaction were not opposite each other, meaning that the lack of one did not result in the other. Job dissatisfaction does not mean that there isnt any job satisfaction.Hygiene factors (rewards) can be observed when an employee is asked to complete a project with a hollo of position advancement, versus recognition for achievement as a mo tivator factor that is basic to the job. Ultimately, the use of rewards corresponds to the use of hygiene factors just as the use of recognition signifies the use of motivator factors. (Hansen, 2002) employ the mind set that we want employees to perform well, and, given the right environment, and incentives, employees also want to perform well. Bobic & Davis, 2003) Reflecting on McGregors Theory Y, the managerial approach assumes first that people prefer to work and strive to perform, thus delegating responsibility to the employee allowing the worker to be creative, to have the opportunity to identify areas of concerns and find solutions.When this is accomplished with success, the manager recognizes the individuals index to perform. The result is employee recognition resulting in increased responsibility and musical scoreability. McGregor supported Maslows theory that all humans had the potential to be creative, stating that elf actualized creativity to be innovative (Bobic &Dav is) Management has the ability to motivate an individuals pursuit of self esteem, and self actualization through recognizing their ability to assume responsibility. Recognition of creativity and innovation will encourage the commitment and initiative the employee brings to company. By strengthening and enhancing behaviors that are a source of differentiation and uniqueness, recognition serves a strategic function. (Hansen, 2002) Motivational theories differ in the way the concept of motivation is defined and controlled.Each theory has it basis, whether it is a needs based concept, or a behavioral concept. scarce as humans are genuinely different, so are the theories. We can make general assumptions in regards to human character, trait, desires, and reactions but in the end what is definite is situational. There are many factors such as ethnic background, environment, economics, and a persons upbringing that potentially has an effect on what will motivate an individual. Reviewing t he basic concept behind the theory of motivation and recognition you can identify some simple correlations.The reinforcement theory is not just about administering negative consequences. There are several(prenominal) different types of behavioral based programs available to address different concepts. For example a behavioral based safety program is built on the concept of recognizing safe behavior. Instead of focusing on the negative actions or unsafe attitudes of employees the program is established to recognize and reward safe behavior and encourage employee participation in identifying and correcting unsafe conditions.In the same manner, the reinforcement theory can enhance employee motivation towards work performance if a positive approach is used. Pointing out the negative performance ratings or avoiding a problem employee results in de-motivating the employee. Similarly, avoiding a problem employee gives the perception that the manager or company doesnt care and fosters think ing of why should I? The cultivation concept or theory to consider is the Equity theory. The basis for this theory is that employees expect a fair reproduction for what they contribute to their job.This fair return is often evaluated based on what the return is for their effort. These individuals compare the input (reward/pay) by the company to the output (their effort) to determine if the reward warrants the effort put forth. Using the same concept employs also compare their input/outputs with their coworker to determine equality. If they feel that their coworker was given more for the same amount of work or less the employee will perceive this as unjust practices. Conclusion Motivation is the processes that account for an individuals intensity, direction, and persistence of effort in attaining a goal. Robbins, pg. 170) Identifying what drives and contributes to employee motivation has been a topic for numerous researches, psychologists, and organizations alike over the die fift y to sixty years. During these years many motivational theories were developed to explain what motivates individuals.Theories based on needs principal were developed by researchers/psychologist such as Maslow, Herzberg, & McGregor. Maslow professed that the specific needs of people that must be met in order for them to be motivated, thus improving productivity. Herra, 2002) Additionally motivational theories were developed based on the concept of equity or reinforcement. The Equity theory represent the idea that equity is a perception of jurist/equality based on what the employee puts out and receives in return. A comparison is made in regards as to performance/effort and what reward/recognition is received to determine if equality exist. Tasked with understanding what motivates employees organizations have spent a great amount of time, energy and resources identifying how to keep employees motivated under various, ever changing conditions.When asked what is of key importance employ ees respond with recognition (Robbins, 2005) Recognition of an employees accomplishments, performance and/or dedication to the organization results in increased productivity, continued support of the companys goals, and positive employee attitude. Based on the motivational theories established, recognition, while not the only source of motivation seems to an easy, simplistic solution to improve employee motivation.Employee recognition serves two distinct purposes enhance employee motivation as well as bond together other motivators presently used for business organizations. An employees wage is payment for doing a job, benefits are intentional to preserve an employees well being, and rewards are used to compensate for extent of a specific task or organizational goal. Recognition pulls the three aspects together as a means for organizations to develop and maintain a strong employee workforce.

Education and Funds Allocation: A Comparative Analysis Essay

Education, the act process of creation educated or of educating, is an important aspect of a nations development (Houghton Miifflin, 2009). It is a key tool in the development of a civic aw arness, competence, and cooperation (Stephenson, 2005). In the United States (US) Educational System, progression is from one to cardinal years of pre-school instruction, to 12 years of average instruction, and to a four-stage high ge arr education system (US Department of State, 2008).In 2004, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) station down antithetical variables or indicators that determine how well a farmings educational system works (UNESCO Institute for Statistics, 2004). I. Indicators/Response and instructive Variables A. Response Variable. Response variables are those that indicate how effective a introduces education system is.From the indicators set by the UNESCO, this study allow be focusing on the following response variables Teacher s Pay, Income per capita (income per person, including children), the percent of students graduating from the high schools, the number of people that are unenlightened, and average Scholastic Aptitude trial (SAT) Verbal and Math Scores. B. Explanatory Variables. On the other hand, explanatory variables are those that affect or bushel to the response variable.In the study, explanatory variables are Dollars per Pupil, State Population, the Governors Salary, and the percentage of high school students taking the SAT. C. abridgment of Relationship between Variables. In general, explanatory variables affect and relate to response variables in different ways. Appendix A personates a bow of the different education indicators in the different enjoins and roles of US (Table 1). From these data, Table 1A was gene come outd to present the summarized average statistical indicators per region.Figure 1 presents a line chart comparing the explanatory and response variables of each region. For purposes of comparison, figures from Table 1Awere adjusted to multiples of ten. In Figure 1, it can be seen that most of the response variables are at present related to the explanatory variable universe. The spikes in the graph show that if the people is high, then consequently, the dollars per pupil is also high. This also goes for the teachers salary, except for the Western region where even though there was a dip in the population line, there was an increase in the line for Teachers Pay.Also, the West differed from the other regions when an increase in the income per capita line and percentage of high school graduates contradicted the plunge in the population line. The average SAT scores and illiteracy differed from the other indicators, since a rise in the population line showed a dip in the SAT and illiteracy lines. In all, population affects the response variables in different ways per region. On the other hand, the Governors pay, showed no decided effect or relation on the other response variables.II. Analysis of Basic Data Table 1B presents the condensed data on the educational indicators of the subjects of atomic number 10 and Virginia. Table 1B, along with Table 1A, can be seen in the appendices section. A. northeast Educational Indicators. The state of Nebraska has a population of 1,578,000. With this population, the following educational indicators were recorded $4,831 dollars per student, an income per capita of $4,508, an average teachers pay of $26,600, an average SAT score of 484 (verbal) and 546 (math), a 59. 3 percentage of high school graduates, and a rate of half-dozen illiterate individuals out of every 100 people of Nebraska.B. Virginia Educational Indicators. In total contrast, the state of Virginia has a population of 6,187,000. Also, the following educational indicators were describe $5,360 dollars per student, an income per capita of $4,701, an average teachers pay of $32,400, an average SAT score of 425 (verbal) and 47 0 (math), a 47. 8 percentage of high school graduates, and a rate of fourteen illiterate individuals out of every 100 people of Nebraska III. Comparison of the devil StatesA. Comparison of the Two States against Each Other Figure 2 presents a bar graph depicting the differences between the states of Virginia and Nebraska. From the graph, it can be seen that the state of Virginia has a larger population (6,187,000), especially when compared to that of Nebraskas solitary(prenominal) around 1,578,000. And so, it is rather expected that Virginia has a higher dollars per pupil rate and a higher income per capita, also shown from the graph. With this population discrepancy, it is also expected that the state of Virginia also has a larger teachers pay.

Boston Beer Company Essay

This report examines the US Beer effort as well as the sedulousness structure, capacity and trade trends as they relate to the current and future positioning of the capital of Massachusetts Beer participation, or as most people know it around here, Samuel Adams. The US beer industry has had several years of slowing gains and downfalls. Three beer makers triumph the industry that I emphasized in my industry analysis, which are Anheuser-Busch, Miller Brewing and Adolph Coors. These marketplace leaders carry expanded their respective beer industry market at the expense of other brewers, including capital of Massachusetts Beer Company.capital of Massachusetts Beer Company is just a mere 1 percent of the beer brewing industry. The US beer industry is exceedingly competitive with brewers leaving the industry and a few new magnanimous brewers enter. China is the undisputed leader in global beer industry, accounting for 17. 1 percent of the worlds beer production in 2005. Purchasin g military group in Chinese economy is on the rise, which will drive beer gross sales and improve overall profitability for them. Domestic brewers progress to been buying fiddling breweries in individual Chinese provinces to service particular communities.First to dampen understand A little more about Boston Beer Company Ill look deep into their background of Boston Beer Company. Just alike in our Strategic Leadership class to find out what soulfulnesss values are, you have to know what their back-story is. Samuel Adams has an amazing story reap behind it. According to their website it says that Boston Beer Company was started with Jim Kochs great-great grandfathers recipe. With a design to handcraft a quality, flavorful beer, Jim brewed his first batch of Samuel Adams Boston lager in his kitchen in 1984, before I was even born.The beer is said to be created with the worlds finest, all natural ingredients. Jim chose the name Samuel Adams after the Boston patriots, the fat her of the American Revolution, and a man who fought for our American Independence. Samuel Adams made its intro in Boston on Patriots Day in April of 1985. Boston bartenders were quoted precept that Samuel Adams was unlike any beer they had ever tasted. By the end of the first year, sales reached up to 500 barrels and it just took off from thither. Just six-spot weeks after its introduction Samuel Adams was selected as The Best Beer in America at the Great American Beer Festivals.Since 2000, Samuel Adams has won more awards in worldwide beer tasting competitions than any other brewery in the world. Boston Beer Company has run short an inspiration to other small industries out there. By 1995, hundreds of small, local and regional breweries sprouted up all over the country, following in Boston Beer Companies footsteps. From reading this firm analysis so far you would think they dominate the Brewing Industry, brewing close to two million barrels of Samuel Adams beer, still is sti ll less than 1% of the total US beer market.That is just dumfounding to me. The companies culture and philosophy is simple. To set superior standards for quality. Jim and the brewers at Samuel Adams ensure the spiritedest standards for the trounce ingredients needed to make the highest quality of beer. I found this so arouse that on Jims annual hops selection trip to Bavaria the hops farmers ever comment on how Jim just doesnt just whiff the hops, he dives into them (BostonBeer). There philosophy is not to be the biggest brewing industry but to be the best tasting beer brewing company.Samuel Adams is the only brewer that actually buys back its beer when its past its peak freshness date. These are there strengths. There strengths have always been to take pride in their beer, divide yourself in a market that is already dominated by common chord huge organizations. To this day Jim tastes every batch of beer brewed to make sure it meets his high standards. Another strength they pursue is they have a wide concatenation of beers. These brews include year-round beers, seasonal styles, signature holiday brews. This oppositeiates them so such(prenominal) from large brewers.Say for example someone like Anheiser Bush sells the homogeneous beer over and over and over. Samuel Adams has Boston Larger, Summer Ale, October Fest, Winter Larger.. etc. This brings in so many more customers like my dad who are horny when the newest season beer comes out. From personal experience my dad marks his calender for when the different brews for Samuel Adams comes out. This is so vital and different from any other brewery. Jim Koch the founder and chief executive officer of The Boston Beer Company Early on, Boston Beer Company acted like a virtual company, primarily contracting with third party packers to give its products.The brewery did have a small facility, but it was never be enough to rear all the beer the company was capable of selling. In 2006, it expanded its br eweries into Cincinnati, which was expected to produce roughly two-thirds of Boson Beers total volume. Boston beer companies target customers have always been those around New England and people who like a high-end, thick, good, delicious beer. Boston Beer Company was actually the first brewer to market their product nationally, hitherto they did not have the expense of shipping it across the country however.In 2006, regarding Boston Beers productions, chief executive Martin Roper said We have revised upward our capacity needs in New England establish on healthy craft category emergence, our own growth trends and high freight costs and are no exploring production capacity in excess of 1. 0 million barrels. Our current estimates are that construction of such a facility could cost between 120 million and one hundred sixty million. We believe this is an appropriate strategic investment based on the growth of the category as well as known and unknown riskiness in supplier alternati ves. It is increasingly important for the Boston Beer Company to centering on defining where they stand in a global businesses scheme and perspective, developing Samuel Adams into a leading international brand by devising investments in brewers that have leading brands in high-growth beer markets. It is my recommendation that they focus specifically on growth in the Chinese beer industry. It has taken more and so three hundred years to develop technology and process inevitable to transform malt into the product displayed in grocery and convenience caudex coolers across the globe.

Policy Topic Search and Selection Essay

Policies atomic number 18 everywhere, and have to be followed by all told for success. If they be not followed, consequences can occur, which are mostly negative. Policies are too set to ensure the organizations rules are being followed. wellness policy is a statement of a decision regarding goals in health business organisation, and the plan for achieving these goals. wellness policy is also known as a field of study and practice where priorities and values dealing with health mental imagery allocation are determined (Health Policy, 2014).In this paper, Womens Health Policy in regard to the Affordable get by Act testament be discussed. The paper will also provide a diligent summary of womens health and the stakeholders affect. Let us begin with the comment of womens health. Womens Health Care Womens health care is hard to define because it is so complex. Womens health not alone deals with adult women, it also deals with young girls and teenagers. If put into words, wo mens health care would be defined as the physical and emotional care a woman needs to ensure she has the best quality of life possible.Womens health care is a new arena in health care that must be clearly stated in the proximo to improve the health of a population (South Carolina Department of Health, 2013). This is important because women are the child bearers, and the advancement in womens health care prevents and reduces the heart of illness or disability that affects women at each stage of life, and lastly improves women health in the United States across the lifespan. Womens Health Care with the Affordable Care ActWomens, who includes young and teenage girls are the stakeholders affected by this policy. The Affordable Care Act (ACA) included several measures that are changing the profile of womens coverage as the law is implemented. In regards to women, the implementation of the ACA will allow 2. 4 million women be insured. For women, the ACA includes caps on out-of pocket sp ending for certain low-income individuals and coverage for many preventive work without cost-sharing.There are a lot of improvements to the coverage for women because of the ACA implementation. The biggest improvement is that restitution plans were mandated to cover essential benefits like outpatient and hospitalization care, maternity care, and prescription drugs. on with the essential benefits, the plans have to cover preventive services and vaccines for women without any co-payments or other cost sharing. Those services are pap smears, mammograms, bone dumbness tests, and HPV vaccine.As of August 2012, plans also have to cover contraceptives as prescribed by a provider, breastfeeding supplies and supports such as breast pumps, screening for home(prenominal) violence, well woman visits, and several counseling and screening services (Womens Health Insurance Coverage, 2013). Even though the changes because of the ACA are extensive, they are needed to ensure womens health care is at an optimal take because they are the catalyst by which our next generation is born. If this is done the right way and plans follow, the ACA will shape access to coverage and care for millions of women across the people for years to come.

Obstacles Teachers May Face Essay

The process of how an individual learns is based on the theories surrounding fashionism, condition, modeling and self-importance regulation. Students net be problematic if proper resolutions arnt put in place when a dilemma arises. there is a great idiom on the importance and relevance in motivating the scholarly persons in the classroom. Without the friendship of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation and what drives students to learn, teachers may not know what inspires or how to encourage students to work to the best of their ability.Teachers must(prenominal) portray themselves in a professional manner at all times, whether they are dealing with students, parents or colleagues. Professionalism canful be defined in several ways and around characteristics of a professional teacher complicate organism committed to learners in a way that incorporates a code of ethics, have the ability to key routine and efficient decisions in a complex and ill-defined situation, befool a cr itical self examination of atomic number 53s doctrines, i. . thoughtful practice, and acquire the element of professional experience to constantly improve, develop and string out ones methods of teaching to maximize acquire environments (Eggan, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. pp, 4 6). integrity obstacle a teacher may present is if he or she gets asked a question that they dont know the answer to. Students purport up to teachers and depend on them for the knowledge they require (Yero, J. L. , 2002. P173).Understanding each topic is simply not enough a teacher ask to be able to represent topics in an sayable way that is bewitch to the age of the learner. For example, the solution to explaining how to multiply numbers is to firstly acquire the knowledge of mental ability then illustrate how to multiply the numbers. This is referred to as pedagogical knowledge. pedagogical knowledge requires the teacher to understand principles of instructional strategies and classroom management. Involving each student in the tuition process in order to enhance reproductive encyclopedism comes with knowledge and experience. Instructional strategies that promote productive learning include selecting topics that are important for students to learn, provide clear learning objectives and prepare learning activities watch overively, design assessments that relate to the workload and maintain the instructional alignment surrounded by the three, i. e. the connection between learning objectives, learning activities and assessments (Eggan, P. Kauchak, D. 2010. pp390 394). A teacher must have a positive and caring attitude, be organized, communicate effectively, respect and encourage rather than punish and constantly question and prompt irrational answers to manage a productive classroom (Nelson, J. , Lott, L. & Glen, S. p20-27). Identifying clear standards of acceptable behavior i. e. rules, be supportive to each student and bring out a sense experience of equilibrium are al l strategies to ensure a productive and submissive classroom.The aim of all teachers is to promote as much learning as possible. Behaviorism focuses on the idea that learning is influenced by stimuli from the environment (Eggan, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. p,164). For example, tonicity nervous before an exam is a learned behavior receivable to previous experiences/knowledge of exams. This feeling is involuntary to the individual, and it is referred to as classical conditioning. determinate conditioning can be positive or electronegative, depending on which, it can have different effects on the learner.If the teacher uses positive reinforcement within the classroom the students result gradually associate learning to the teachers manner and thus feel safe within the classroom resulting in a productive learning environment. In contrast negative or non-reinforcement results in the cessation of a behavior and results in a classroom environment that is not productive. Children learn acce ptable behaviors through notice adults, therefore teachers are role models, and it is important for a teacher to demonstrate respect, tolerance, and values to incite learning (Call, N. Featherstone, S. 2004 p. 47). Cognitive modeling is essential to the learning process as teachers use this to perform a demonstration and mouth the thinking behind the actions taken (Eggan, P. & Kauchak. D. , 2010. p. 182). An obstacle one may nervus is if some children are having trouble learning how to pass a netball to one another. Often, children instinctively bounce the ball, instead of casual it, as classical conditioning has taught them to do so from a young age.The teacher must pull out ones thoughts of how to pass a netball, whilst performing the action, which in handle encourages students to verbalize their understandings in any situation, resulting in a productive learning environment. Modeling is the key concept of social cognitive possible action. Cognitive, behavioral and stirr ed up change in children is a result of observing models. Modeling affects spate by learning new behaviors, facilitating existing behaviors, changing inhibitions and by arousing emotions (Eggan, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 183).These observations hire to learner expectations, which in turn are accomplished through self-regulation. Settings goals and observe that progress is an essential element of learning. The student observes another student passing the netball. He then models the observation, uses that experience to expand his knowledge thus takes office and control of his learning. Teaching is constantly developing and changing, and the need for motivation is a necessary procedure to support and increase student learning and the teaching process.A common obstacle teachers face is how to motivate uninterested and unengaged students. Some students seem naturally enthusiastic roughly learning, but many need or expect their instructors to inspire, challenge and get down them. An unmotivated student is likely to choose work that is inappropriately easy, verbalize a negative attitude, give up quickly and leave tasks unfinished. This can disrupt the students around him and cause interruptions in the learning environment (Nelson, J. Lott L. , & Glenn, S. 1997 p. 72).There are two broad forms of motivation extrinsic where some students will be motivated by the approval of others, for example, by getting a good grade, and intrinsic motivation, where the learner studies in order to understand the content presented to them because they like the challenge and want to perform (Eggen, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 287). To encourage students to become self motivated and independent learners, teachers can give frequent, early, positive feedback. This supports the students beliefs that they can, and are doing intimately as viewed by the humanistic theory of motivation.The teacher can too help students find personal meaning and value in the hearty as viewed by cognitiv e and social cognitive theory of motivation, and create an atmosphere that is open and positive which help students feel that they are a valued member of the learning community which is based on the socioculural theory of motivation. In addition, a teacher can ensure opportunities for students success by assigning tasks that are neither too easy nor too troublesome which is a view shared by behaviorist theories (Eggen, P. & Kauchak, D. 2010. p. 289). It must be understood that individuals are motivated through a wide transmutation of needs.While teachers cant make or teach students to be self-motivated, they can encourage and promote this highly desirable trait. To conclude, there are many solutions to the obstacles a teacher may face in a learning environment. A teacher should act and approach a classroom with a professional attitude and an academic manner by being knowledgeable and recognizing the importance for assessing oneself. Teachers must be aware of the influence they mak e on students learning and how to promote positive and engaging classroom environments in order to solve the dilemmas they may be presented with in regards to behaviors students display.Furthermore, teachers need to understand that the process of motivation stems from stimulation, which in turn is followed by an emotional response that leads to either a positive or negative behavioral response. By understanding the theories based on solutions to the problems a teacher may face in the classroom, they may have a better chance at expecting when a problem may arise, and resolve the situation immediately.