Knowledge Based Systems

What is a cave in sexledge-based system? A system which is built s fairylikely a intimacy base. i. e. a collection of fel low-downship, taken from a human, and stored in such a way that the system potbelly reason with it. sheath System What is the patients name? rehearser George Smith System What is the patients age? User 52 years System Is the patient male or female person? User Male System What are the symptoms? User Headache dizziness upset stomach high fever System When did these symptoms first issue? User 23/03/2002System I conclude that the patient has a viral infection , my recommendation is that he should take two aspirin, drink sens of fluid, get lots of rest. What is cognition? Knowledge is the sort of information that lot employment to solve jobs. Knowledge includes facts, concepts, procedures, models, heuristics, etcetera Knowledge may be * specific or general * exact or fuzzy * adjective or declarative What is an respectable system? * A particular manne quin of knowledge-based system * One in which the knowledge, stored in the knowledge base, has been taken from an expert in some particular field.Therefore, an expert system can, to a original extent, act as a substitute for the expert from whom the knowledge was taken. What is celluloid Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is interested with exploring such aspects of human (and some other animal) mental activity as * understanding * creativity * Perception * problem-solving * mind * using language * Intelligence by simulating them using calculators. It is thereof nearly connected with such social sciences as * psychology * linguistics * ism Applied Artificial IntelligenceWhat is applied AI? Applied AI is concerned with producing software which is intelligent It is intelligent in that it is based on what we know closely human reasoning and other mental abilities We are therefore talking about a branch of advanced computing computer technology rather than social scie nce Knowledge engineering The bourne knowledge engineering is often used to mean the process of designing, create and installing an expert system or other knowledge-based system. Some authors use the term to mean just the knowledge acquisition phase. ExpertsAn expert is an experience practitioner in his/her particular field. More than that, he/she is a exceedingly effective problem-solver and decision-taker in that field. Experts have three qualities * They achieve good decisions * They make those decisions quickly * They are able to cope with a wide align of problems. Experts and expert systems Note that The task that an expert system performs will principally be regarded as difficult. An expert system almost always operates in a rather narrow field of knowledge. The field of knowledge is called the knowledge celestial sphere of the system.There are m both fields where expert systems can usefully be built. There are also many fields where they cant. Note also that an exper t can usually explain and rationalize his/her decisions. Reasons for realiseing an E. S. One might build an expert system for any or all of the spare-time activity reasons * To archive an experts knowledge, to assure against the day when he/she leaves, or retires, or dies. * To disseminate his/her knowledge, so that it is visible(prenominal) in more (possibly many more) places than the localization principle of the expert. * To ensure uniformity of advice/decisions. As a basis for training other specialists. Advantages of expert systems E. S. have the following advantages over human experts * The knowledge is permanent * The knowledge is easily replicated * The knowledge is represented explicitly, and can be evaluated * The system is consistent whereas human practitioners have bad days, computers dont. * Once built, running costs are low Disadvantages of expert systems a) Developing an expert system usually costs a great deal of time & money b) Historically, there has been a high failure rate in E.S. projects * The project may fountainhead fail during exploitation most likely during the knowledge acquisition phase. * The development may succeed, but the organisation may fail to accept and use the finished system. c) A human expert can update his/her knowledge in the light of * Common sense * Knowledge derived from other domain * Contacts with other experts. An expert system cant. Choosing an E. S. project a) Because of cost, and the danger of failure, it is heavy that E. S. projects are carefully chosen. ) The expense must be justified, in the light of the possible benefits. c) E. S. technology must be appropriate a. the right winning of expertise is involved b. Make sure it isnt a problem which conventional programming could do better. d) Management, and the participants, must support the project fully. likely expert systems case histories For discussion The following seven problem areas may, or may not, be suitable for computerisation as exper t systems. * A current third world country has a large population, very some trained doctors, and insufficient resources to train many more.It is throwd to provide paramedics, who can be trained relatively cheaply and easily, with medical kits and portable PCs, each PC to be loaded with an expert system that can advise on the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of common diseases. * The housing department in a provincial English town is overworked, although the staff disturbance is quite low. Much of the work the staff do involves interviewing clients, and there is a clear pattern of questioning (which varies to a limited degree, depending on the mass of the client). It is proposed to build an expert system, which will direct the questioning process. A square of wine importers relies heavily on its chief wine expert, who is skilled at selecting wines that are destined to be popular, on the basis of their taste, colour, scent etc. She is soon to retire. It is proposed to buil d an expert system that will enable any of several junior wine specialists to do her job. * An education authority has a severe shortage of primary school teachers. It is proposed that an expert system should be built which can do the job of teaching English and arithmetical to five year old children. * A software confederacy proposes to build an expert system which can perform book-keeping for small commercial concerns. A large manufacturer of diesel electric locomotives has problems in providing enough concern personnel who are sufficiently skilled to locate faults in these (highly complex) locomotives. They propose to build an expert system which can perform fault location on such a machine. * A mineral exploitation company wishes to extend its operations, which involve searching for hitherto undiscovered deposits of valuable metallic element ores. It is short of trained geologists. It proposes to build an expert system which can task a geological site and come to a conclusion about how likely it is that there is a worthwhile mineral deposit there.