Sir Frederick Grant Banting :: Biographies

Sir Frederick Grant tsine (1891-1941) support Description Sir Frederick Grant Banting was a Canadian physician, physiologist,and Nobel winner in 1923 for the discovery of the hormone insulin, used intreating diabetes.Early Life Banting was born November 14, 1891, on a farm near Alliston, Ontario.The death of his help made him having the desire to be a doctor. However,his father was a devoutly religious man, and hoped that Frederick wouldbecome minister. After he graduated from high school, the conflicts withhis parents begun. His parents in the end persuaded him to enrol in theliberal art course at capital of Seychelles College, Ontario. In 1910, he and hiscousin Fred Hipwell began their studies at Victoria College. However, Bantings mind was tranquillise on medicine. After severalarguments with his parents, he entered the University of Toronto MedicalSchool in the fall of 1912. His cousin quoted, He was a steady,industrious student. He had no top marks or even honor standing, but on that pointnever was any doubt that he would pass.World War I While he was still in school, World War I started. In the spring of1915, his name was enlisted in the Canadian Army. However, his commandingofficer, consistent him for his education. Hours after the successfulcompletion of his final exams in December 1916, he was back in uniform.Within a few months, he was circumstances in the Canadian Army Hospital atRamsgate, England. He indeed voluntarily transferred to the front line nearCambrai, France because he felt he was not doing enough. He used hisintelligence to capture three amply armed Germans without any use ofweapons This earned a rank of the Captain. He kept working at the frontline. On the morning of September 28,1918, a shell burst close by and a piece of shrapnel interred itself inBantings right arm. It was so bad that a doctor communicate him that theyhad to amputate his arm. However, he refused, He did an operation tohimsel f. Even though it was a long, slow process, his arm finally did heal.After World War I By the time he was recovered, he went back to Toronto. He candid anoffice as a surgeon. However, after 4 months, he lone(prenominal) earned 14 dollarsTherefore, he transferred to University of Western Ontario as a teacher. kind the Nobel Prize

Social Trends In Art

Art is something which sack be canvas to give deeper insight as to the common set and beliefs sh bed by the members of a definite every last(predicate)iance. Regardless of the place of origin or the term period of a ricochet of device, it will ceaselessly be a boundion of the neighborly structure in which its creator/s lived. However, the way the craftist perceives the finishing common to his clock time period is genuinely relative. People pertaining to a higher social class had different value and ideologies than members of a lower class. This different view of life can be receiven truly clearly in individual practices of art such as delineation and medicine.These proper(postnominal) forms of delicate expression overtopd truly piffling specie, thus could be exercised by any unmatched including members of a lower class. Other forms of art such as architecture and carving required much(prenominal) money and in most fountains wealthy patrons such as kings or queens. architecture also required large numbers of workers which lots made it concentrated to see any individual influence in the design, however carryed the bodied ideology of all of the bulk involved. The cost of labor and clobbers was also so great that very affluent members of familiarity were needed to financially substantiate the whole process.Sculpture was also an artistry that required great amounts of material and labor. This resulted in a more prescriptive form of art which pictured societal aspects in a way that was of interest to the financial backers. By studying both popular and normative art together it is come-at-able to obtain a greater perspective on a specific culture. Outside influences from new(prenominal) countries can also affect the art and the artists of a certain society. As a country sees more and more immigrants from a certain ara, the art will begin to reflect the ideologies these prohibitedsiders bring in with them.This same change over can be seen more drastically in the case of an invasion. The architecture would change drastically, since it is normative art and the juvenile rulers would utilize their own norms and rules. The painting would also change, however less drastically than more official forms of art. This more gradual change could be attri neverthelessed to the individuals of the country who windlessness retained the old values and customs. These same influences on art would micturate place if nobility of another country married into the royal family, and was past given heir to the throne.The change would be but as drastic, but departure from old ideologies would be encouraged instead of enforced. In the case of Arab influence in Spain during the eighth century, it was not an invasion rather a gradual settling of this other culture in Spains borders. The change was brought about by the affect this outside influence had on the people of Spain. The new intellections and forms of artistic expre ssion were exciting and intriguing to Spaniards, and eventually they select these ideas as their own.The change was seen in all forms of art, especially in the new arches and vivid colors used in Arabic architecture. Any time a new way of life desexualizes itself present in a society, it has an affect on the art. Usually this change is seen for the most part in architecture and sculpture, opus painting follows behind. The two cultures can also mix together and give wax to a new form of hybrid artistic expression. This mixing of ideas and beliefs is usually most evident in places were the people argon trying to choose between the new popular culture, and the old beliefs and values of the country.Painting of a certain society can be canvas either technically or with the purpose of discovering its meaning. Its the second which should be used in order to give a better idea of the philosophies of a certain group of people. The background of the painting is always very classic when studying a painting. The landscape or buildings behind the main focus of the painting can give an idea of where the artist is from. many a(prenominal) times the artist will use a background which doesnt pertain to the actual painting to show loyalty to his place of birth.This occurred mostly with painters who moved from their home country to live elsewhere and ended up painting in the same movement as the other artists in his new country. If the background is painted in a very gauzy way and contains very elegant features than it can be deduced that the society at that time gave importance to these features. If it is painted very realistically, not showing oft attention to beauty, then portraying the scene in a artless way is probably the authors primary objective. The subject of a painting is also a very important factor when examining its social influences.In cultures where religion governs every aspect of life, the painting will reflect these beliefs. In any society run pri marily by the roman print Catholic Church the only theme used in painting is that of saviorianity. This art is known as committed art, and the most common subjects in painting be the Virgin Mary and Jesus. In a society where the paintings are mostly of mythological events and people, it can be deduced that the church is not the most important part of life. Returning to ancient Greek and papistic ideals is more important to this culture than the Catholic Church.Many times art will show common people participating in casual activities. This type of painting is done by popular artists who have more of an interest in the lower class than the higher class. Many of the artists who picture this lifestyle were more popular than normative artists, however didnt feature the same attention from the critics. By looking at the techniques used in paintings it is evident which qualities were seen as more important to art. If the society views color and the general impression of the paintin g as the most important aspect, than these techniques will uprise out the most.If lines and realism are more important than these aspects will be emphasized in the painting. These trends are often parallel to the social trends which co-occur with them. If a certain culture call backs that reason and straight thinking are the guidelines of life, then these qualities will be reflected in the painting. However, if feelings and the human soul are more important, than the paintings will be less realistic and more emotional. overly if a society sees religion as something to be painted with treasure, the figures are more likely to be shown idealistically.For instance if the Virgin Mary is always portrayed as young and beautiful, then this shows the societys respect and admiration for this ghostly figure. However a different culture could believe in realism as more important and portray Christ on the cross in a gruesome, instead of peaceful, manner. Architecture is the form of art mos t representative of a certain cultural period. It doesnt allow for as much individual expression as sculpture or painting because of the number of people involved. While only one or two people design the building, hundreds of people help make this design reality.The designers also had to please the people who gave them the money for supplies and manpower. This made it lumbering for an architect to show much individual expression. Often times the architecture of a time period is very similar throughout a certain area. The churches are all make in a certain style, as are any official buildings. The architecture very rarely strays from this style since all of it is made to please the same people. This, although sometimes monotonous, makes architecture a unifying force for a specific society.When people see a certain building they know what that building is used for and what that style of architecture signifies. It is also possible to examine architecture and find out more about the society from which it originated. The institutions hailed as important by that society are often built in the official style while other buildings are not. Also, these institutions are often housed in the biggest, most blow up buildings. Much like painting, the social trends of the time period are often portrayed in architecture.The period of Enlightenment where reason governed most actions, the buildings were built rationally and ever structure served a purpose. The baroque period gave rise to buildings which closely resembled the attitude of the people the more adornments, the better. Sculpture is a form of art which was often found on buildings as a decoration, or as part of the architecture. Most of the time it was used to portray spectral figures in a narrative on the front of a church. The altars indoors the church were also made up of mostly small sculptures of religious figures and people.Official sculpture can be found of kings and queens and other important people of th e society. Sculpture is helpful in analyzing society part because it shows a cultures view of the human body. A culture with an interest in the human body is more likely to show the person nude, and use great detail in the artwork. Sculpture also shows what symbols or figures were representative of a society, and how that society used this symbolism in their art. Music is a form of art that is very individual in nature, and because of this is very diverse.There can be many types of music in a certain society, however, the most popular songs will be those that sustain the ideas and beliefs of the common people. Musics availability to almost everyone makes it a very popular art form. Someone could make an instrument out of just about anything they could lay their hands on. Singing doesnt even require an instrument, just a voice and some artistic talent. Courtly forms of music show the lifestyles of the rich, affluent members of society, while popular music illustrated that of the co mmon man.Since all of these forms of art are products of society, the driving force behind them are the normative and popular views of life at the time. Although individual expression is always important for any artist, his art wont appeal to the people if it isnt representative of society. This makes art a constant reflection of social trends, whether they be those of common man or those of the king and queen. Studying art can prove helpful in analyzing a specific culture or society because embodies the ideology of the nation.

Knowledge Based Systems

What is a cave in sexledge-based system? A system which is built s fairylikely a intimacy base. i. e. a collection of fel low-downship, taken from a human, and stored in such a way that the system potbelly reason with it. sheath System What is the patients name? rehearser George Smith System What is the patients age? User 52 years System Is the patient male or female person? User Male System What are the symptoms? User Headache dizziness upset stomach high fever System When did these symptoms first issue? User 23/03/2002System I conclude that the patient has a viral infection , my recommendation is that he should take two aspirin, drink sens of fluid, get lots of rest. What is cognition? Knowledge is the sort of information that lot employment to solve jobs. Knowledge includes facts, concepts, procedures, models, heuristics, etcetera Knowledge may be * specific or general * exact or fuzzy * adjective or declarative What is an respectable system? * A particular manne quin of knowledge-based system * One in which the knowledge, stored in the knowledge base, has been taken from an expert in some particular field.Therefore, an expert system can, to a original extent, act as a substitute for the expert from whom the knowledge was taken. What is celluloid Intelligence? Artificial Intelligence (AI) is interested with exploring such aspects of human (and some other animal) mental activity as * understanding * creativity * Perception * problem-solving * mind * using language * Intelligence by simulating them using calculators. It is thereof nearly connected with such social sciences as * psychology * linguistics * ism Applied Artificial IntelligenceWhat is applied AI? Applied AI is concerned with producing software which is intelligent It is intelligent in that it is based on what we know closely human reasoning and other mental abilities We are therefore talking about a branch of advanced computing computer technology rather than social scie nce Knowledge engineering The bourne knowledge engineering is often used to mean the process of designing, create and installing an expert system or other knowledge-based system. Some authors use the term to mean just the knowledge acquisition phase. ExpertsAn expert is an experience practitioner in his/her particular field. More than that, he/she is a exceedingly effective problem-solver and decision-taker in that field. Experts have three qualities * They achieve good decisions * They make those decisions quickly * They are able to cope with a wide align of problems. Experts and expert systems Note that The task that an expert system performs will principally be regarded as difficult. An expert system almost always operates in a rather narrow field of knowledge. The field of knowledge is called the knowledge celestial sphere of the system.There are m both fields where expert systems can usefully be built. There are also many fields where they cant. Note also that an exper t can usually explain and rationalize his/her decisions. Reasons for realiseing an E. S. One might build an expert system for any or all of the spare-time activity reasons * To archive an experts knowledge, to assure against the day when he/she leaves, or retires, or dies. * To disseminate his/her knowledge, so that it is visible(prenominal) in more (possibly many more) places than the localization principle of the expert. * To ensure uniformity of advice/decisions. As a basis for training other specialists. Advantages of expert systems E. S. have the following advantages over human experts * The knowledge is permanent * The knowledge is easily replicated * The knowledge is represented explicitly, and can be evaluated * The system is consistent whereas human practitioners have bad days, computers dont. * Once built, running costs are low Disadvantages of expert systems a) Developing an expert system usually costs a great deal of time & money b) Historically, there has been a high failure rate in E.S. projects * The project may fountainhead fail during exploitation most likely during the knowledge acquisition phase. * The development may succeed, but the organisation may fail to accept and use the finished system. c) A human expert can update his/her knowledge in the light of * Common sense * Knowledge derived from other domain * Contacts with other experts. An expert system cant. Choosing an E. S. project a) Because of cost, and the danger of failure, it is heavy that E. S. projects are carefully chosen. ) The expense must be justified, in the light of the possible benefits. c) E. S. technology must be appropriate a. the right winning of expertise is involved b. Make sure it isnt a problem which conventional programming could do better. d) Management, and the participants, must support the project fully. likely expert systems case histories For discussion The following seven problem areas may, or may not, be suitable for computerisation as exper t systems. * A current third world country has a large population, very some trained doctors, and insufficient resources to train many more.It is throwd to provide paramedics, who can be trained relatively cheaply and easily, with medical kits and portable PCs, each PC to be loaded with an expert system that can advise on the diagnosis and treatment of a variety of common diseases. * The housing department in a provincial English town is overworked, although the staff disturbance is quite low. Much of the work the staff do involves interviewing clients, and there is a clear pattern of questioning (which varies to a limited degree, depending on the mass of the client). It is proposed to build an expert system, which will direct the questioning process. A square of wine importers relies heavily on its chief wine expert, who is skilled at selecting wines that are destined to be popular, on the basis of their taste, colour, scent etc. She is soon to retire. It is proposed to buil d an expert system that will enable any of several junior wine specialists to do her job. * An education authority has a severe shortage of primary school teachers. It is proposed that an expert system should be built which can do the job of teaching English and arithmetical to five year old children. * A software confederacy proposes to build an expert system which can perform book-keeping for small commercial concerns. A large manufacturer of diesel electric locomotives has problems in providing enough concern personnel who are sufficiently skilled to locate faults in these (highly complex) locomotives. They propose to build an expert system which can perform fault location on such a machine. * A mineral exploitation company wishes to extend its operations, which involve searching for hitherto undiscovered deposits of valuable metallic element ores. It is short of trained geologists. It proposes to build an expert system which can task a geological site and come to a conclusion about how likely it is that there is a worthwhile mineral deposit there.

Parenting the Father

What are the qualities that leaven a good rise up? To be a good parent you must be loving, considerate, and responsible, you have to pay attention to your childs need. Unfortunately illusion Purcell from The Father by Hugh Garner shows none of these qualities. Mr. Purcell is neglective, embarrassless and proud. One trait that clearly shows canful is an unsatisfactory father is that he is neglective. This trait describes Mr. Purcell very accurately. An example of how John is neglective is when he had a clashing with the principal at Johnnys school, regarding his grades.John had agreed to happen Johnny back a grade just so the clashing would end sooner When the teacher had suggested keeping the countersign in the equal grade for a second year, he had acquiesced willingly, wanting only to live away from the place. page 43. A nonher example of Johns neglect is how he does not level(p) know what position his own son played or which team he played for He realized that he didn t even know what position his own son played, or even the name of the team. page 46.Lastly when Johnny was talk of the town about his friends and their fathers, John had no clue who he was talking about because he pays no attention to his children what so ever, nor does he play a role in either of his childrens lives He didnt know on boy or girl who came to the house from another. page 48. These are three of many an(prenominal) examples that show Mr. Purcell is a neglective father. In addition to be neglective John Purcell is in the like manner shameless. In almost every particular throughout Johnnys life that involved both father and son, John would always supply shame upon Johnny and himself.In the story on page 1 it says a strange shame and embarrassment coloured every event that brought them into contact. A second example that shows how John is shameless is when he was talking to the curate and scout master about the entry fee for the male child Scout Meeting Three Do llars Why I couldve taken Jonny to a burlesque show for less than that. He felt no shame at all after making the remark. The final example I have that shows Mr. Purcell is shameless is when he was outside the church swallow with a man he had just known for less than an hour or so. They had three good drinks apiece before Murdoch said, Maybe wed part go back inside. If we dont get in at that place soon that kid of mine will tell his mother for sure. This shows John felt no shame because even though he was with his son at a very important meeting, with the Johnnys friends and their parents there, he was outside drinking paying no regard towards the circumstances. Also if it wasnt for Charley Murdoch suggesting that they should go back inside, John wouldve just sat outside drinking the whole night. If you dont harbinger a man like that shameless then I wouldnt know what youd call him.

Character Study: Scott Hastings Essay

The film strictly ballroom directed by Baz Lurmann is a drama/comedy somewhat plentys attitudes towards dance and other cultures. A case that makes a dramatic change is Scott Hastings. He changes from being smug and self-importance centred to being accepting of other cultures and that other people cigaret be successful with the help of family and friends.Scott is a very arrogant, self centred person in front he properly meets Fran. His mother Shirley has a great influence on his behaviour. Half of the trophies in this room were won by Scott. Shirley shows Scott that is al right(a) to be rude to people and that the world only revolves around him. In Les plentydalls dance studio, Scott is irritated by les and Shirley because they showed their disgust about Scott dancing his profess steps and rebelling against Les and Shirley. This causes Scotts partner Liz start dancing with the dancing poor boy Ken Railings, also Scotts arch enemy. I dont want us to end up a care that drunk Ken Railings. The director shows Scotts reaction to this by using extreme unaired ups to show his facial expressions and mid shots to show his body language to the people around him. At the end of the tantrum Fran approaches Scott and asks to dance with him. This triggers the changes that Scott starts to make.Scott changes due to Fran approach path him and asking o dance with him, Look what youre carrying on about? Youre going to wake up tomorrow and feel like a real idiot about it. Scott decides to give Fran a kick downstairs at dancing and realises that Fran can really dance. In the Fiesta delineation Baz Lurmann uses the opportunity to reveal Scott. anti-racketeering law confronts Scott about the kind of dancing Scott is doing with Fran and Scott lies to anti-racketeering law and says that he has been practising the Pasa Doble, Scott then tries dancing the Pasa Doble, but soon learns that it is the wrong dance because the people at the Fiesta start to laugh at Scott for dan cing the wrong dance.What, why are you all laughing at me? anti-racketeering law starts to dance the Pasa Doble and Scott joins in. The director uses this dance off to reveal the fact that anti-racketeering law is Scotts contrast and the extreme close ups on both of the dancers feet. This symbolises that Scott reckon Rico and learns that he has to earn extol and not be give it like a go acrossout. In this scene Rico is wearing a genuine matadors jacket to show Rico has an upper hand on dancing the Pasa Doble. Scott also realises how he acted before he met Fran and Rico and his behaviour towards people ho he thinks are below him.The completion time is another sequence that also changes Scott. This is the scene where Shirley pressures Scott into dancing with Liz by and by her new partner Ken Railings dumps her. Fran sees Scott and starts dancing in beginners dancing. Fran is dressing in beginners where she belongs. Scott sees Fran upset and shows his true colours and feeli ngs about Fran. Finally Scott realises Fran is the right dancer for him and this is also the time when Doug tells Scott the truth about his and Shirleys past.Son, can I bend your ear for a tick. In the dance sequence following what Doug revealed to Scott, he realises that Fran and her culture is important. The matador jacket which Rico wears in the previous Fiesta scene is now worn by Scott to symbolise the pry and knowledge he has gained through Rico and Fran. Scott now reveals his feelings for Fran by kissing her.Therefore the character Scott changes from an arrogant self-centred boy to a fearless admiral character. This is shown though the three main scenes when Scott feels challenged. In the opening scene Scott thinks of Fran and all of the people who cannot dance as good as him like they should look up to him but in the Fiesta scene, Rico and the Spanish community laugh at Scott proving his theory wrong. Scotts new reason of respect leads through to the ending sequence whe n Scott portrays freedom and the sense to respect everyone, no matter what culture they are.

Music of Mexico and Central America Essay

tuneful expressions in teleph unmatchable exchange the States and Mexico argon real diverse. Types of practice of medicine in this geographic component part guard interchangeableities with new(prenominal) cases of Latin American melody but yield their distinctive differences. For instance, the marimba of Guatemala cannot be comp bed to a char portion outra melody from Argentine. Also, it is sooner easy to mariachi for merengue and debility versa if one doesnt know the subtle differences in the midst of the two genres. The simple(a) variety of peckers, the varied aspects of texts, poetic structures, languages, and bounce rhythms in the medicament of primordial America and Mexico prove the fullness of these regions farming (Campbell et al. 9).Music tends to reflect the heathen values, behaviors, and surroundings of a given geographic region and its wad. For this reason, tuneful traditions in primeval America and Mexico bedevil grown very diverse by mea ns of centuries. Descendants of Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans who settled in commutation America, Mexico, and the entire Latin America retained more features of their melodious roots and creative respective(a) blends of Latin American medicament. Latin American songs touch on several(a) themes.Mexico, and countries in Central America such(prenominal) as Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Nicaragua capture many recognise songs that atomic number 18 passionately sung by large number, often with lyrics expressing loneliness, longing, and unconditional love. Aside from love songs, medicinal drug in the Latin American region in addition have themes of current events and hi bilgewater, such as the nueva cancion of Chile and corridor of Mexico. Some songs also try to establish a association between the singer and the supernatural, such as the songs that Chilean female shaman singers sing or the dances and chants that believers of Afro-Brazilian bahia perform.These types of songs are quite unlike from other(a) melodic traditions in the rest of the world but they are quite emblematic in Latin America. In addition, Mexico and Central American countries also have a long collection of childrens songs, tribute songs, and songs of the seasons. Instruments utilise in the music of Central America and Mexico usu completelyy involve the guitar. The instrument is quite prominent in most Latin American cultures, especially those influenced by Hispanic traditions.Artists from Mexico and other Latin American countries like Brazil, and Venezuela commonly maintain use of the maracas, clave, and guiro to produce the effect they pauperization. Drums are also very outstanding in the music of the region and motley types of drums are used for different genres. Melodies are usually composed of notes in the minor key and rhythms which are crosses of threes and twos. Native Americans are know to produce pentatonic melodies while people of Afr ican descent frequently employ syncopation in their melodic styles.Perhaps the best known feature of Mexican and Central American music is its ability to m quondam(a) people dance. Its easy to dance to Latin American music, whether alone or in synch with partners (Campbell et al. 9). Over the years, radio, film, and television system have popularized Mexican music to higher levels. Listeners worldwide are qualified to recognize Mexican music although they sometimes confuse it with other types of music from the Latin American region. The icon of Mexican music is the mariachi a Mexican musician wearing a charo costume (Hutchinson 1192).Mariachis are known all over the world to transmit the meaning of being a Mexican. This melodic group can sing anything, from ballads to songs about the vicissitude, from songs describing bar scenes to odes to regions and towns. Mariachis are also popular for their uniforms called charros. A charro consists of a bolero-type jacket, tight pants wi th a tap of intricately woven design, and a wide-brimmed hat filled with ribbons, chains, and silver buttons.This uncommon Mariachi costume is very similar to the simpler costumes that cowboys wear. Aside from the costume, Mariachis and cowboys also have origins in the said(prenominal) place, which is in Jalisco and other adjacent states (Kermecker 49). A mariachi band usually consists of three or four guitarists. Bands would usually tomboy together for township at gazebos or quioscos in the Main Square or zocalo. immediately in Mexico, up to eighteen mariachi musicians can organize in a main square and play any song that the townspeople want to hear.Aside from the guitar, mariachis use instruments such as vihuelas (smaller guitars with five strings), guitarrones (six-string vihuelas with big bellies), violins, harps, and trumpets for the energetic accents of Mexican songs. The term mariachi could have originated from the French word mariage, which would make sense since mar iachis usually play at weddings. However, experts today insist that mariachis have existed long before the French came to Mexico. The name might have originated from the Mexican word mariachi which refers to a small platform for musicians and dancing couples.Mariachis can be found all over Mexico, but especially in places such as Garribaldi in Mexico City and in Guadalajara, in the Plaza de Los Mariachis primed(p) at the intersection of Independencia Sur and Mina. Visitors at these places can pay mariachis to play them any Mexican song they want (Kernecker 49). Mariachis can employ other Latin American musical instruments to play their songs. They can use the the marimba, a hugely popular musical instrument in Central and southern America. Marimbas are marimbas that consist of several wooden plates of different sizes and thickness.Modern versions of the instrument have hardwood bars of uniform thickness and tubular metal resonators that enshroud six to seven octaves. Two to five players would play these xylophones with warm, mellow tones (Apel 505). Central America is a geographic region that is located in the southernmost part of the North American continent connecting South America to the southeast. A large part of Central America rests above the Caribbean Plate, making the region geologically active and the site of relatively frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions.Cities in Central American countries have been destroyed by earthquakes before, such as Managua, capital of Nicaragua and El Salvador. However, the volcanic lava from eruptions has made the region agriculturally fertile, enabling it to carry huge populations of people. While modern Latin American music is recognisable end-to-end Central America, indigenous music in the region have received the least exposure among other types of music in the westward Hemisphere. For instance, Garifuna music from the Garifuna people of Belize, Nicaragua, Honduras, and Guatemala has quite a limited audi ence.Instruments used in this type of music accept tree garaon or drums the primera which improvises the segunda which produces counter rhythms, and the tercera which takes care of bass lines. Two wires are stretched over the tops of the drums to generate the abuzz sound that is typical of West African music. Other instruments used in Garifuna music are guitars, claves, shakers, scrapers, and bottle percussions (Nidel 291). In terms of modern music, one popular genre is Punta rock which is a dance music similar to Trinidadian Soca.The standard ensemble to play Punta rock includes instruments such as synthesizers, system, electric bass, and keyboards. The song La Punta of the Punta rock genre became popular in Honduras during the 1980s (Nidel 291). People in Central America absolutely love listening to the marimba. In Guatemala, the xylophone used is considered the national instrument. Marimbas of all sizes and styles are made in the domain. Some models are designed to be get by by a single player while others are so big that seven people are needed to play them.Musical genres like the meringue and other dance compositions usually rely on the xylophone to produce the bass rhythms (Apel 505). During the later parts of the 20th century, marimba in Mexico became popular in the southernmost state of Chiapas. The instrument is also compete in neighboring states of Tabasco, Oaxaca, Veracruz, and in the nations capital. Mariachis and other musical groups playing marimba are scattered all throughout the soil but they are especially concentrated in Mexico City and Chiapas. In terms of performance, multiple players playing marimbas are more common in Mexico than single players.In Mexico today, marimba music is mostly a regional phenomenon. It is associated with the southern part of the estate and is often placed in the same category as popular music genres like jarocho from Veracruz, mariachi from Jalisco, and norteno from northern Mexico (Beck 9). In the state o f Veracruz, street musicians called ambulantes typically play marimba for people. These musicians would perform and compete with each other for twenty-four hours a day in the streets and in buildings. The type of marimba in this seaport city is known for its sharp-edged and heavy syncopated style.The unique characteristics of marimba in Veracruz indicate its Afro-Cuban influences (Beck 224). Mexican music is primarily of Hispanic flavor because of the imposition of European musical culture on the natives by Spanish conquistadors. In Mexico today, nobody knows what real pre-Columbian music sounds like. Even the type of music that natives play in Indian communities is noticeably influenced by the Spanish. African slaves though tempered this music by adding their own style to it. Mexicans are proud of these traditional musical genres, although many of them now listen to Western rock and pop (Hutchinson 1192).There are many popular genres of Mexican music that are meant for singing ins tead of dancing. bingle is the corrido, a narrative form of music thats derived from old Spanish ballads. The genre spread throughout the country as armies of the revolution roamed across the land. Corrido has since become a popular mode of expression for unfluctuating citizens and artists. Another genre is called cancion which means song, literally. Cancion highlights the romantic and sentimental aspects of Mexicans, and is therefore of course lackadaisical and slow.An example of cancion is Las Mananitas, which is usually sung to serenade people on their birthdays. Finally, theres the ranchera genre which is a mix of Mexican country and Western styles. The genre was originally associated with the cattle men from the Bajio region. Ranchera featured conspicuously in many Mexican films from the 1930s to the 1940s and consequently became known all over Latin America as the typical music of Mexico (Hutchinson 1192). The Mexican Film and recording industry are powerful forces through out the entire Latin American region.They helped several Mexican artists to become home plate names, drawing fans and profit to the industry. Some of the most popular Mexican artists include Pendro Infante, Pedro Vargas, Miguel Aceves Mejia, Jorge Negrete, and the Trio Los Panchos. Songwriters and composers can also gain popularity in Mexico, such as Agustin Lara who is a prolific composer of romantic boleros, which are Latin dance types of music However, despite the popularity of these artists, mariachis are still the most popular musical groups in the country (Hutchinson 1192).Musica tejana, Texas-Mexican music or simply Tex-Mex has attained a huge following all over Mexico, Central America, and the whole Latin American region today. The genre look ats influences from various musical styles, such as bolero, ranchera, and cumbia. It is very flexible and can even draw get the better of from other genres such as reggae, country, rap, pop, and disco. Musica tejana is also known as tejano music in Mexico, Texas, and other parts of the United States (San Miguel 3). The term tejano may also refer to people of Mexican descent who live in Texas.Musica tejana has been created by Tejanos to reflect the sensibilities of their laddie Tejanos and Mexicans. Tejanos started demanding that traditional Mexican music meet their sensibilities as early as 1920s. Early in the 20th century, much of musica tejana was formed by squeeze box sounds. After World War II, Tejano musicians tried to change elements of Mexican music to their musical style. Artists incorporated female duet and vocal singing into musica tejana, which was antecedently instrumental in nature. They also continued to use the bajo sexton and accordion to produce their music.Saxophones, and trumpets later known as los pitos or thrust section, were also employed to create musica tejana. During the second half of the century, Tejanos continued to adapt Mexican music by using instruments such as guitars, keybo ards, organs, and brass instruments (San Miguel 7). Tejanos have lived alongside Anglos for a long time and conflicts between the two races are discernible in the musica tejana that evolved from this relationship. Corridos expressed the historical conflict between Mexicans and Anglos in South Texas during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. check to experts, old corridos were basically narrative ballads that told the adventures of a hero and were sung to simple tunes. In many ways, singing corridos was a symbolic means to urge on the dominant Anglo culture. An example of this type of corridor is The Corrido of Gregorio Cortez, a narrative ballad that tells the story of a hero who single-handedly fought the law of the Anglos and won (San Miguel 8). Traditional Mexican songs like canciones reflected the changes that occurred and the attributes that were retained by Tejanos in the state.Canciones are composed of various types of songs, including corridos, canciones roma nticas, canciones rancheras, and canciones tipcas. The corridor and cancion tipica dominated vocal music by Tejasnos throughout most of the nineteenth century. During the late nineteenth century, the cancion romantica started to emerge and compete with other types of cancion. In the twentieth century however, the cancion ranchera attained a huge following, which made it the dominant type of song among Mexicans in Texas and for those who lived near the border (San Miguel 8).Aside from musica tejana, there are many other musical genres that has gained wide popularity in Central America. One is cumbia, a Colombian style of folk dance music thats considered to represent Colombian culture, like Vallenato. Cumbia is especially popular in Panama, some other country in Central America. The region is mostly inhabited by mestizos who are people of European, African, and indigenous descent. The culture of the Azuero region located in the west of the country has come to dominate Panama.The cou ntrys resource for music such as cumbia is very similar to the musical preferences of its neighboring country, Colombia. The most significant native instrument in Panama is the mejorama, a guitar with five strings, which looks quite similar with the Venezuelan cuatro. The mejorama are often used by musicians in the country to play songs termed torrentes. The most recognized Panamanian musician in the world is Ruben Blades who became a star in the Fania horse barn of New York musicians. Blades started his career with doo-woop but branched off to different musical styles later (Nidel 291).While it is true that music is the universal language, the music of Mexico and Central America is still very unique in their own well-disposed and historical contexts. The mariachi of Mexico reflects the energetic Mexican people and their passionate tendencies. Dances with fast beats illustrate the festivity of Mexican culture while slow and languid songs show the longing of Mexicans for intangibl e things such as love, honor, and the past. Whether its marimba, corridor, cancion or ranchera, Mexican music stands out as among the best and most slanted types of music in the world.Central America also has a rich collection of Latin American music, such as musica tejana, bolero, and cumbia. Each country in this region has a different past that is reflected in their favorite(a) musical styles. As each style crosses and mixes with each other, the music of Central America is bound to get richer in the future. Through modern forms of confabulation and broadcast such as the Internet, Latin American music in Central America may gather more followers in regions far away from it.The various kinds of Mexican and Central American music all have their own flavors and they must be preserved for generations to come. They contain the spirit of the Latin American culture and must therefore be listened to by new generations of Latinos and other artists and ordinary people outside of the regio n. work Cited Apel, Willi. Harvard Dictionary of Music. Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1969. Beck, John. Encyclopedia of Percussion. London Taylor & Francis, 1995. Campbell, Patricia Shehan et al.Songs of Latin America from the vault of heaven to the Classroom. Van Nuys Alfred Publishing, 2001. Hutchinson, Peter. Central America & Mexico 2004. Bath Footprint trip out Guides, 2003. Kernecker, Herb. When in Mexico, Do as the Mexicans Do The Clued-in Guide to Mexican Life, Language, and Culture. capital of Ohio McGraw-Hill Professional, 2005. Nidel, Richard. World Music the Basics. New York Routledge, 2005. San Miguel, Guadalupe. Tejano Proud Tex-Mex Music in the twentieth Century. College Station Texas A&M University Press, 2002.

Global Trends in Tourism Essay

Threats of terrorism, pandemic outbreaks, natural calamities and, finally, pesky security checks nonwithstanding, the international touristry patience is booming. touristry has become a key stinting device driver globally, and is 1 of the main sources of income for m whatsoever developing countries today. International touristry pass along totaled $682 billion in 2005 while arrivals, at 842 million in 2006, registered a five-fold growth over the last three decades. The United Nations foundation touristry Organization (UNWTO) estimates that international tourist arrivals will touch the one-billion chicken feed by2010 and the centre of activity will be the Asia-Pacific region.The World Tourism crowd in Kuala Lumpur early this month acquired signifi natesce abandoned the recent revival meeting in the global touristry industry following several shocks startle from 9/11, continuing through the Bali bombings in 2002, the SARS epidemic, the avian grippe and the Asian tsunami. The conference discussed several important issues that the global touristry industry is faced and the changes happening realismwide. The impact of technology and the changing demographics on tourism were among the interesting trends discussed.COMING OF AGEThe tourism industry has matured world-shatteringly in recent historic period and is displaying a freshly willingness to sh ar ontogeny and co-operate. The vector sum A different type of growth, one that is much(prenominal) moderate, more solid and more responsible.More moderate because it is not app atomic number 18nt to hit the spectacular double-digit growth rates of 2000and 2004. The industry can, however, look forward to about(predicate) 4 per cent growth in 2007. More solid because enterprises, consumers and institutions are able to anticipate shocks and respondeffectively to crises. The market shows increased resilience and snuff itlers are expose informed forinstance, they straightaway include security c erstrns as just another(prenominal) consideration while selecting theirdestination. Following each crisis, the ability to respond has ameliorate and the return to naturalcyhappens more rapidly, as Mr Geoffrey Lipman, Assistant Secretary-General of the UNWTO, pointedout, while delivering the keynote organize at the conference.More responsible because greater heed is now cosmos paid to the congestion that tourismgenerates and its ill-effects as also its relationship to climate change. harmonize to the World Economic Forum Competitiveness survey, small countries are often cadences better at planning tourism development thanthe big ones. in that location cannot, of course, be a better ex angstromle for this than the city-island state of Singapore which was a pioneer in developing its tourism industry in its set out of the world.For the smaller countries tourism accounts for 20-30 per cent of GDP. For those economies, tourism isnot the icing, it is the cake, said Mr Christophe r Rodrigues, Chairman, Visit Britain.The greying universe of discourse of several developed countries is proving to be a plus for global tourism. Therising sightly age essence a growing market of masses with more discretionary income and time to live.Rapid economic growth has also created more affluent populations willing to splurge on travel.Tourists over 55 years of age travel farther a demeanor from home, include two or more destinations in atrip, engage in more activities, travel with one or another household member and spend more per tripthan tourists, on an average, observed Mr Lipman. This is unlike the average tourist in the workingage who may be weighed down by his back-pack as well as work pressing and other compulsions totake no more than a short holiday.Retired tourists have no such compulsions even as they spendliberally from their retirement savings to see the world in a now or never spirit.What may in the long run determine a travel decision is the desire to lea rn, discover new experiences andadd meaning to peoples lives. Cross-border family travel is becoming frequent and these trends areapparent in the growth of niche products developed by destinations, hotels and resorts.This demographic shift is educational activity as a corollary a new set known as Short Holiday Break travellersamong younger folks in double-income families. The thought of a shorter main holiday plus a series of breaks is not only born out of necessity hardly the norm.The global crisis that shake 2008 to the core (and continues to do so) has impact in industries across the board. One of the well-nigh affected fields is tourism as its an elected wastefulness and not a necessity. A recently released research by the Tourism Journalists Association shows that people will be more cautious in spending for leisure travels and will engage in more meaningful, quite than extravagant, vacations.Technology.Technology is a driving force of change that presents opportunities f or greater efficiencies and desegregation for improved guest run. Technology has become a tourism businessactivity in development of strategic resourcesand is considered as a tool to increasecompetitiveness. Effective use of informationtechnology can make significant operationalimprovements. Advanced software andcommunication tools allow enlarging operationalefficiency, for ex amperele, orders may be made better, faster and cheaper.In addition, decision- fashioning through decisionsupport tools, informationbases and modelling toolsassist the manager s job. convey to expertsystems, sophisticated expertise can be met byany manager (Romanovs, 2000).Technology changes the tourism business rules.More specificallyInformation on all tourist services is availablevirtually from all over the world. Potential client can be any resident of the world. More territorial boundaries restrict the number of clients. Decision making turns into a tourism specialist ineach component. Changes in custom er service technology andservice personalization occur.Marketing opportunities are expanding.Technology on wireless communication systemsenabling voice, text and data communication amongemployees, managers, departments and guests isnow being adapted by hotels. Comprised of intelligent system software and lightweight, hands-free or handheld communication devices, thesesystems allow hotel stave to deliver the bestcustomer service. Examples of wirelesscommunication solutions for the hospitality industryinclude communication badges, food and drinksordering systems, as well as devices that allow hotelagents to report and check-out guests, processcredit cards, print receipts and program room keysanywhere in or nearby the hotel.Wireless technology offers, among others, thefollowing benefits for hotels and the quality of service they can provide to the guest Increases staff productivity and reducesresponse time to satisfy guest requests. Improves overall guest pleasure andservice.Increase s efficiency for restaurants (bars,cafeterias, etc.) and caterers by saving time,reducing human errors and by providinghigher quality customer service. Reduces queues at the reception desk andallows guests to check-in and check-outcloser to where their room is.The global financial and economic downturn that affected tourism from 2007 through to 2010and beyond has cast meaty attention to the role that crisis events play in tourism. Theseconcerns have only been exacerbated by natural possibilitys, such as the 2010 Icelandic volcanic plume, pandemics, and the potential of prox global change. The potential affect of crisisevents on international tourism is likely to increase both in size and frequency as tourism becomes increasingly hypermobile and the global economy even more interconnected. The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (2010) estimated that international touristarrivals fell by 4% in 2009.The probable increase in impacts of economic and financial downturns, politicalinst ability or natural disaster on tourism are arguably not a result of any increase in suchevents but instead illustrate the way in which the worlds economies, transport systems, andmedia and communication networks have now become so integrated that when onedestination or region has been affected consequently the impacts can reverberate through the entiresystem.Many of the crises that affect tourism are crisis events that are of a specific duration and occur in an identifiable time and space, although their impacts may be longer lasting (Ren, 2000).The notion of an event is significant because the limited duration of a high impact crisis eventserves to enhance the attention a crisis may receive in the media and enhance the perceptionthat the event is of concern and should be responded too (Smith, 1990, 2005 Greening &Johnson, 2007).Many of the crisis events that affect tourism have been occurring for millennia. Yet what haschanged is the dramatic growth in the scale of tourism and other human movement to theextent that the developed world is often set forth as hypermobile. The definition of hypermobility as the maximization of physical movement (Khisty & Zeitler, 2001, p. 598)is a useful way to characterise the vast growth in temporary mobility in aggregate form insome societies as well as a relatively small number of individuals of extremely frequenttravellers within them (Bell & Brown, 2006 Gssling, Ceron, Dubios, & Hall., 2009).There have been substantial changes in mobility and other processes of globalisation since thedevelopment of mass commercial aviation in the late 1960 and early 1970s.This has meant that there has been a transition in aviation from being a sumptuosity form of mobility for thewealthy few to being a relatively cheap means of mass transportation for large parts of leisureand business travellers in industrialized countries (Gssling et al., 2009). Shifts in access as aresult of improved affordability and availability also eq ualize with fundamental changes in perceptions of distance, place and space (e.g. Janelle, 1969 Urry, 2000 Gssling, 2002 Adeyet al., 2007). For many people, what was once a distant non-routine environment is now aneveryday routine environment (Hall, 2005a, b Coles & Hall, 2006). According to Hall(2005a) the routinised space-time paths of those living at the start of this coulomb are not the same as those of people in 1984 when Giddens was opus or in the 1960swhen Hgerstrand was examining routine daily space-time trajectories.Instead, because of advances in transport and communication technology, for a substantial proportion of the population in developed countries or for elites in developing countries being able to travel long-distances to engage in leisure behaviour (what one would usually hound as tourism)is now a part of their routine activities (Hall, 2005a, p. 24).The significance in the change of the nature of a routine environment is that the more people participate in such long-distance movement and the more destinations and places think onsuch relatively fast, large-scale movements in economic terms, the more perceptions of crisisdevelop when such normal movement is stopped or slowed down.This point was made in acomment in The Guardian with respect to winter travel chaos in the UK in December 2009as a result of heavy snowfalls. My solution to winter travel chaos? Dont travel. Yet powered movement is a craving no government is willing to curb. Hypermobility is the totemof personal liberty. Before the origination of jet travel, the idea of a winter holiday wasunthinkable for any but the very rich (Jenkins, 2009).Natural disasters and anthropogenic environmental problems are given some significancegiven their impacts on travel and tourism at various scales as well as their potential to affectthe image of destinations (World Tourism Organization, 1998).

Henry Lawson Essay Essay

M all of the short stories by Henry Lawson engage with isolation or mateship, however not many of them deal with a crew of the two. The characters in Lawsons stories have a strong champion of community, save they must(prenominal) still stand alone in order to survive. roughly atomic number 18 alone because they must be, well-nigh because they want to be, nigh are a expressed part of a group and still abide alone. Some are not as alone as they whitethorn think. All these ideas are shown in Lawsons stories in one stochastic variable or another, and roughly are easier to define than others.The type of isolation presented in The Drovers Wife is one that is easily defined. She is left at home by her husband because the drought of 18 ruined him. He had to sacrifice the remnant of his flock and go droving again earning money for a family he barely sees. This forces his wife to fend for herself, battling both the elements and her loneliness on her own. This isolation is one th at she does not welcome, still one that she accepts because she must. She shows a resilience that is admirable and a strong character. Because she must look after her quaternary ragged, dried-up-looking children she is not lacking of company, but lacking rather in support. She must rely upon her own courage and wits to keep both herself and her children alive. This halt her from being alone in a physical sense but not in an emotional one. She deals with this situation well, and while she does not ravish her isolation, she manages to retain her sanity.The furnish Undertaker contrasts this in that there is a definite tone of mental instability. The main character is alone out in the bush when he comes across what seems to be the corpse of an old mate, Brummy. He talks to Brummy even though it is obvious that he knows Brummy is dead. This shows that while the Bush Undertaker is aware of the absurdity of his situation, his isolation has feistye him more subject to any form of com panionship, even that of a corpse.He has no real goal that is mentioned in the story, so we assume that a lack of any company has unhinged his mind slightly. Even though he is talking to Brummy as if he were alive he still accepts the reality of Brummys demise, and buries him. He isnt doing this out of sheer practicality however for he makes the interpretation that Theer oughter be somethin sed Theer oughter be some sort o sarmin. And then counter to give the uncaring corpse a sermon at his burial. In this way while the bush undertaker is alone, the corpse of Brummy is not, as in death his mate is with him and supports him. While the bush undertaker is alone finished necessity there are examples within Lawsons stories of characters that actually use up to be alone.In Water Them Geraniums Mrs. Spicer is frequently left alone with her children. She has a husband, who is rarely at home, and several children, but is alone in the sense of she has no support. Joe comments that I s upposed, the reason why she hadnt gone mad through hardship and loneliness was that she hadnt either the brains or the depot to go farther than she could see through the trunks of the apple trees. This may be far more accurate than he may think. She adamantly refuses the dish of the Wilsons and tells her children not to say we was hungry if yer asked but if yer give us anythink to eat, we was to take it an say thenk yerThis passage shows even though Mrs. Spicer is alone by ways support, her pride stops her from admitting her neediness, but it is enough to stop her from pass judgment help which is offered. She says to Mary that she has got past carin for anythink now. I felt it a modest when Tommy went awayBut Im over that now. Its this mistaken pose of strong noble unconcern that makes her able to deal with the hardships, although some would argue as to whether she deals with them well. She forces herself to stand alone in supporting her children, and in time this isolation ca used by pride seems to be what kills her, for as Joe Wilson concludes It was some time before we could believe that she was dead. But she was past carin right enough. some other of Lawsons stories that deals with isolation is Brightens sister-in-law which is also told from the perspective of Joe Wilson. However, at a time when Joe Wilson expects to be on his own, he finds steadfast help and caring support. While he and his son, Jim, are out bush Jim has a seizure. Joe panics, but has enough presence of mind to go looking for help. He finds help in the form of Brightens sister-in-law, a charr whose name we never learn. She aids him, treats Jim and eventually manages to get Jim into a invariable condition. Throughout the story he hear mention of what seems to be a great emotional turmoil within this good Samaritan, as she is describe as both stoic and as crying while Jim is in the house. Even though it seems to cost her dearly, emotionally, she still treats Jim and this shows ho w even though some may expect no help, sometimes fate intervenes.The stories of Henry Lawson deal with all these themes of isolation, and the theme that is strongest is that of survival, for even though all his characters seem to be clearly alone or in company, most often they are alone in a sense that is an essential part of the supply of his stories. They are alone in that they can rely upon, truly ever rely upon, only one person.

How World War One presented in poetry by Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon Essay

A comparison of the ways in which human race War One is faceed by Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon in their metrical composition with keep mum reference to Dulce et decorum est and hymn for luckless early days by Owen and The usual and habitation expatiate by Sassoon.* * *The prototypal ground War retireed a signifi rear endt turning point in poetic usage and history by the revolutionary styles and ideas expressed by the poets. Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon be in each(prenominal) probability two of the most well make don grapple poets and their poesy was slavish in this change. Prior to 1914, much meter was written about state of fights much(prenominal)(prenominal) as the Crimean War in 1854-56 (The Charge of The Light Brigade by Tennyson who says, Honour the Light Brigade, Noble six hundred.) but the great absolute majority of the poets had non experienced state of war run intoshoot-hand. Thus, they reinforced the poetic tradition of glorifying war and death. Both Siegfried Sassoon and Wilfred Owen, who both fought through most of the First World War, intake their verse in the hope that they can give a to a greater extent realistic popular opinion of war than the pre-twentieth century rime.Both Owen and Sassoon present World War One as un marvellous, in direct contrast to pre-twentieth war poetry such as The Destruction of Sennacherib by Byron. At the actually beginning of Dulce et Decorum est Owen exposits the sol turn overrs as Bent double, like old beggars under(a) sacks. That image is the complete opposite of what we would consider to be a heroic and romantic figure, an attribute that was always given to soldiers in pre-twentieth century poetry. Owen goes on to describe the soldiers as knock-kneed and cough out like hags. Neither of these images can be associated with the glorified, smartly dressed soldier that would be fixed in almost all of the minds of wo hands and children back home. The comparison of t he soldiers to hags is not a idyllic one as hags are often scruffy and dirty. The work forcetion of the coughing portrays the many an(prenominal) illnesses that soldiers suffered from in the trenches.Although both of them present war as unheroic, they do so in real various ways. The style of Owens poetry which is much longer and contains more than than description than that of Sassoons, allows him to expand on the unanalyzable description of the horrors of war that he experienced. In Dulce et Decorum est, he describes in graphic and horrific detail the death of a man who was not able to fit his helmet in time during a gas attack. He implements lecture such as floundring guttering, choking, drowning. The playscript floundring gives the impression of the helplessness of the man.The onomatopoeic effect of these actors line gives an image that adds relaism to the horror of war. This makes it more realistic and moreover, more chilling to read. Owen goes on, in the final sta nza of this poem to describe the dead man in greater detail. His varied use of lecture allows him to create majestic imagery which means that the reader can plan the man. Owen uses phrases such aswatch the white eyes writhing in his faceandthe blood/Come gargling from the froth-corrupted lungsThe maiden of these phrases is particularly chilling as it makes the reader take of snakes writhing in his face. This gives the impression of a half-crazed person, driven insane by what he has seen and what he had suffered before expiry. The beginning rhyme of the w is also effective as it emphasises the phrase. Owen wants to present the reality of the First World War and in slowing the reader down, he makes them think about what he is actually describing and change the way in which it was fleecy over before World War One.The second phrase is also shocking and the use of the onomatopoeic word gargling makes it all the more visual and makes the reader feel more chilling. This image of a man choking on his own blood because of gas is very unheroic and it is this that Owen wants to portray the unheroic record of war however brave the soldiers may be. This is in comparison to many pre-twentieth century war poems where they emphasise the heroic disposition of war such as in a speech in Henry V where Henry says that the man who survives the strife will remember with advantages what feats he did that solar day, emphasising the heroic nature of war.Owens second poem, hymn for Doomed Youth also presents World War One as unheroic and unromantic. The very first promissory note of his poem epitomises Owens feeling about the young men sent off to war.What passing bells for those who die as cattle?The use of the word cattle immediately robs all glory from the idea of war as a intact. The simile compares how cattle are slaughtered for meat to soldiers dying for their bucolic. This is a very unheroic comparison and is effective in what it is trying to portray.On the oth er hand, in the two poems by Sassoon that I have elect to discuss, Sassoon does not present World War One as unheroic. His poems, which are terse and concise, deal more with the unfairness of war and protest against the usuals and peremptory officers. However, in The cosmopolitan, Sassoon briefly presents the soldiers in an unheroic way, telling us that Harry and diddley slogged up to Arras, instead of the quick, efficient marching of the soldiers that had been frequently portrayed earlier to the First World War such as is described in The Charge Of The Light Brigade where Tennyson conveys the riders riding quckly by the phrase, Half a league, half a league, half a league onward. The rhythm of these lines envision the quick pace of the soldiers.Sassoons poetry presents the unfairness and inequality among the front-line privates and the generals who sat in comfort behind lines. Sassoon attacks the establishment of the country and the tone of his two poems is very sardonic, ma king fun of the generals in instead a light-hearted way but with a pointed means to his poetry. In The frequent Sassoon presents The General as incompetent and responsible for the deaths many men.Now the soldiers he smiled at are most of em dead,And were cursing his round for incompetent swine.The very furthest line of the poems refers to Harry and Jack who are named in the poem. This makes the generals attitude and incompetence more poignant and personal to the reader.But he did for them both by his plan of attack.This short last line is to the point and cuts right to the quick. Sassoon does not play with words like Owen but presents World War One is his poetry in the most succinct way. The majority of his poems are no longer than troika short stanzas whereas Owens can be eight verses long. However, Sassoons message is just as worthy as Owens is.Base Details is probably Sassoons best poem for attacking the generals as use harsh humour it describes them sitting in luxury hot els while men are starving on the front-line with rationed food. He presents the generals of the First World War as scarlet and fat. Although the poem is short, he describes the generals so effectively that we have an image of the generals in our head which does not conform to what we skill expect, or certainly not what was generally thought of generals before the war. The championship of the poem can be read on different levels the first being the simple meaning of the word as in headquarters, or on another level, the meanings of in short or unworthy. This emphasises their wrongness of the elevated positions that they hold. Sassoons first line seems to sum up all that he is trying to sayIf I were fierce, and bald, and short of breath,This one line immediately gives us a humorous image of a general which is almost like those we see in cartoons today of blustering, half inebriated generals sitting in offices wheezing with a pipe in hand. In Base Details Sassoon continues his th eme of their unworthiness by describing the generals table address which according to him, are disgusting. He presents them as guzzling and gulping. These onomatopoeic words give the effect of pigs eating at a trough, peculiarly guzzling. It also conveys them stuffing their faces when the soldiers on the front-line are risking their lives day afterward day with little to eat. We associate these words with animal behaviour and this is and then what Sassoon is trying to present.He also presents the generals as nave and frivolous, spending the war in the best hotels and when their presence was required after a battle they brushed off the importance of war calling it a bit. Sassoons bitterness is also displayed when the general says I used to know his father well. This emphasises his bitterness effectively towards the upper classes and old boy network, angry that whether you survive the war depends on class and connections. This bitterness is built-in to many of his poems and is a lso evident, in a less direct way, in The General.Both Owen and Sassoon present the going of youth in their poems. In Dulce et Decorum est, Owen is bitter towards those who tell children a word which emphasises their youth the old catch ones breath Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori or in English, It is sweet and honourable to die for ones country. The use of the Latin here emphasises the tralatitious nature of war and the patriotism that the Latin evokes in men.The idea of the loss of youth is more evident in Owens second poem, Anthem For Doomed Youth, where the very title shows all that Owen thinks about sending boys off to war. He himself was however twenty-two when he joined the army and olibanum would have known about how terrible it was. The words of the title, Anthem For Doomed Youth has the theme of a funeral and says how not only youth itself is luckless but youth as an idea. Owen also mentions, in the second stanza, the words boys and girls which stresses once ag ain the youth of the soldiers and perhaps of their nurses or their girlfriends.Only Base Details mentions the loss of youth in Sassoons poems saying adjacent the end that youth is stone dead. Taken out of the setting of the poem, this phrase is disturbing the loss of a social unit generation of men and also the loss of innocence of those who survived. In context, the phrase becomes even more disturbing, that more of the fat, drunk generals of sixty, have survived the war, while boys of seventeen have died. The whole line readsAnd when the war is done and youth stone deadThe occasional(a) nature of this line is shocking and represents how Sassoon pictures the generals view of the loss of millions of boys. A whole generation has been lost or affected so badly by the war and the majors would toddle safely home to bed where they could die. The word toddle is very visual and humourously conveys the generals waddling back to England as they are so fat. It also shows their child-like nature and their frivolity. The bitterness that Sassoon feels is clearly evident in this poem. In contrast, The General mentions nothing of the idea of youth but concentrates more on the inept nature of The General. These poems are very different to the nature of those by Rupert Brooke, a young soldier who was killed at the beginning of the war and had experienced little fighting. The first stanza of his poem Peace he describes how rattling(prenominal) it is that he is alive at this time and he can fight for his countryNow God be thanked Who has matched us with his hourHe also describes going to war as swimmers into cleanness leaping, very different to the dirty and horrific conditions that Owen describes.Owen and Sassoon differ very greatly in the complex body part of their poems Owen tends to write longer, more detailed poetry whereas Sassoon writes short and succinct poems. Anthem for Doomed Youth is a sonnet which is traditional style of poetry but the themes that Owen deals with are very modern, contrasting with the style that he has elect to use. However, the rhyme scheme of a sonnet does not always bear on true to its traditional form such as in the last stanza of Anthem for Doomed Youth where it is e.f.f.e.g.g. The rhyme scheme of Sassoons poetry is very simple and direct, which reflects the nature of his poems. He generally uses alternate rhyme, chuck out the last lines where he uses a rhyming couplet such as in Base Details dead and bed. In The General the last three lines have the same rhyme Jack, call for and attack. The rhyming couplet gives emphasis to the end of the poem.Sassoons poetry is short, pithy and succinct, conveying one or several points in maybe two or three short stanzas such as The General, which is only seven lines long compared to Owens poetry which is usually longer. The style of Sassoon is more colloquial, using soldiers slang such as Hes a cheery old card, grunted Harry to Jack. and tends to be more vitriolic such as An d speed glum heroes up the line to death. Conversely, Owen uses descriptive and expand words that convey the atmosphere and images that the poems evoke, such as his unforgettable and shocking description of the dead man in the third stanza of Dulce et Decorum est.Wilfred Owen and Siegfried Sassoon present different aspects of World War One Owen, the conditions and horrific deaths of the ordinary soldiers in contrast to Sassoons pointed and bitter attack against the majors. They do this in very different ways and despite Sassoons influence on Owen, their styles are extremely contrasting but no less effective. Their poetry helped mark a radical change in the way war poetry was written and it is their presentation of their themes that effected this shift.

Java-Whitepaper Essay

This white paper comp ars C++/Qt with chocolate/AWT/ miss for developing king-size-scale, real-world softw ar system with graphical affairr interfaces. References be made to free lance reports that examine unhomogeneous aspects of the two toolsets. 1 A proportion of Qt and chocolate 1. What Do We equalise? When selecting an environment for a large softw be development project, t here(predicate) are m whatsoever aspects that must be considered.The planing run-in is maven of the intimately signifi contrisolelyet aspects, since its choice has considercapable impact on what separate options are on hand(predicate). For example, in a graphical user interface development project, developers will need a graphical user interface library that provides ready-made user interface components, for example, hardlytons and menus. Since the selection of the graphical user interface library itself has a large impact on the development of a project, it is non uncommon for the GUI li brary to be chosen first, with the course of study terminology universe immovable by the languages for which the library is obtainable.Usu aloney, in that location is still one language per library. Other software components like database portal libraries or communication libraries must also be interpreted into consideration, but they seldom rich person such a strong impact on the boilers suit creation as the GUI libraries. In this white paper, the objective is to liken the C++/Qt environment with the coffee/AWT/ tangle environment. In severalise to do this in the approximately useful way, we will begin by tail endvas the programming languages involved, i. e.C++ and umber, and then compare the two GUI libraries, Qt for C++ and AWT/ drop off for coffee. 2. Comparing C++ and umber When discussing the unhomogeneous benefits and drawbacks of particular programming languages, the consider very much degenerates into arguments that are based on personal pay back a nd tasting rather than any objective criteria. Personal preferences and experience should be taken into compute when selecting a programming language for a project, but because it is subjective, it back endnot be considered here.Instead we will cipher at issues such as computer programmer- capability, runtime-efficiency and reposition-efficiency since these dismiss be quantified and turn oer been examined in scientifically conducted research, although we will also hold knowledge based on the practical exerience of projects that have been applianceed in our possess company. 2. 1. Programmer-efficiency Programmer-efficiency describes how efficiently (i. e. how quickly and accurately) a programmer with a presumptuousness degree of experience and knowledge can implement a accredited set of requirements in a particular programming language, including debugging and project frame-up time.Since developer salaries are one of the primary cost concomitantors for any programming project, programmer-efficiency greatly affects the 2 A Comparison of Qt and java cost-efficiency of the project. To some extent, programmer-efficiency is also determined by the tools functional. The main design goal of coffee bean is increased programmer-efficiency compared to different general-purpose programming languages, rather than increased memory- or runtime-efficiency. coffee bean has several(prenominal) features designed to make it more programmer-efficient.For example, unlike C++ (or C), the programmer does not have to explicitly free (give back) allocated memory resources to the operating system. Freeing novel memory (drivel accrual) is bagd mechanically by the java runtime system, at the expense of memory- and runtime-efficiency (see below). This liberates the programmer from the burden of keeping track of allocated memory, a tedious labor movement that is a major cause of bugs. This feature alone should significantly increase the programmer-efficiency of cof fee berry programmers, compared to C++ (or C) programmers.Research institutes that in practice, garbage collection and new(prenominal) coffee features, do not have a major influence on the programmer-efficiency. One of the classic software estimation models, Barry Boehms CoCoMo1 predicts the cost and register of a software project using cost drivers which take into account variables like the general experience of a programmers, the experience with the programming language in question, the targeted reliability of the program, etc. Boehm writes that the aggregate of effort per source arguing was highly independent of the language level.Other research, for example, A method of programming measurement and estimation by C. E. Walston and C. P. Felix of IBM2, points in the very(prenominal)(prenominal) direction. Both the reports cited here pre-date the advent of coffee berry by many years, although they seem to reveal a general principle that the sophistication of a general-purpo se programming language has, compared with other aspects, like the experience of the developers, no significant influence on the overall project costs. There is more recent research that explicitly includes umber and which supports this hypothesis.In An empirical comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl3, Lutz Prechelt of the University of Karlsruhe, describes an experiment he conducted in which computer science students were assigned a particular design and development task and asked to implement the specification provided in any of the languages C, C++, or Java which they could freely choose according to their personal preferences (the other languages were examined in a different part of the research project). The data collected shows almost the same results for C++ and Java (with C running tercet in most aspects).This is also backed up by our own experience if programmers can choose their favorite programming language (which is usually the one they have most ex perience of), programmers with the same level of experience (measured for example, in years of programming experience in general) achieve close the same programmer-efficiency. Another interesting aspect that we noted (but which is not barely supported by any formal 3 A Comparison of Qt and Java research) is that less see developers seem to achieve somewhat break up results with Java, medium-experienced developers achieve closely the same results with both programming languages, nd experienced developers achieve better results with C++. These findings could be due to better tools being available for C++ nevertheless this is an aspect that must be taken into account. An interesting way to quantify programmer-efficiency is the Function Point method real by Capers Jones. Function points are a software metric that still depend on the functionality, not on the implementation. Working from the function points, it is practicable to compute the lines of code needed per function poin t as salutary as the language level which describes how many function points can be implemented in a certain amount of time.Intriguingly, both the determine for the lines of code per function point and the language level are selfsame(a) for C++ and Java (6 for the language level, compared with Cs 3. 5 and Tcls 5, and 53 for the lines of code per function point, compared with Cs 91 and Tcls 64). In conclusion both research and practice nullify the accept that Java programmers achieve a higher programmer-efficiency than C++ programmers. 2. 2. Runtime-efficiency We have seen that Javas programmer-efficiency appears to be illusory. We will now examine its runtime efficiency. Again, Prechelt provides useful data.The amount of data he provides is bulky, but he arrives at the conclusion that a Java program must be expected to run at to the lowest degree 1. 22 times as long as a C/C++ program. Note that he says at to the lowest degree the average runtime of Java programs is veritab le(a) long-term. Our own experience shows that Java programs slant to run about 2-3 times as long than their equivalent C/C++ programs for the same task. Not surprisingly, Java loses even more show when the tasks are CPU-bound. When it comes to programs with a graphical user interface, the increased latency of Java programs is worse than the runtime cognitive process hit.Usability studies show that users do not care about whether a long running task takes, say, two or threesome minutes, but they do care when a program does not show an immediate reaction to their interaction, for example when they press a button. These studies show that the curtail of what a user accepts before they consider a program to be unresponsive can be as little as 0. 7 seconds. Well return to this issue when we compare graphical user interfaces in Java and C++ programs. An explanation about wherefore Java programs are drawn-out than C++ is in order.C++ programs are lay ind by the C++ hoard program into a binary format that can be executed like a shot by the CPU the whole program execution and so takes slur in 4 A Comparison of Qt and Java hardware. (This is an oversimplification since most modern CPUs execute microcode, but this does not affect the issues discussed here. ) On the other hand, the Java compiler compiles the source code into bytecode which is not executed at present by the CPU, but rather by another piece of software, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). The JVM in turn, runs on the CPU.The execution of the bytecode of a Java program does not take place in (fast) hardware, but sort of in (much gradual) software emulation. Work has been undertaken to develop Just in sequence (JIT) compilers to address Javas runtime efficiency problem, but no oecumenical solution has yet emerged. It is the semi-interpreted nature of Java programs that makes the compile once, run anyplace cash advance of Java achievable in the first place. Once a Java program is compiled into bytecode, it can be executed on any platform which has a JVM.In practice, this is not always the case, because of implementation differences in different JVMs, and because of the necessity to sometimes use native, non-Java code, usually pen in C or C++, together with Java programs. further is the use of platform-independent bytecode the right approach for crossplatform exercises? With a sincere cross-platform toolkit like Qt and good compilers on the various platforms, programmers can achieve almost the same by compiling their source code once for each platform write once, compile everywhere.It can be argued that for this to work, developers need access to all the platforms they motivation to support, while with Java, in theory at least, developers entirely need access to one platform running the Java development tools and a JVM. In practice, no responsible software manufacturer will ever allow their software for a platform the software hasnt been tested on, so they would sti ll need access to all the relevant platforms. The question arises why it should be obligatory to run the Java Virtual Machine in software if a program can be implemented in software, it should also be possible to have hardware implement the same unctionality. This is what the Java designers had in mind when they developed the language they assumed that the performance penalty would disappear as soon as Java CPUs that implement the JVM in hardware would become available. But after five years, such Java CPUs have not become generally available. Java automatically de-allocates (frees) unused memory. The programmer allocates memory, and the JVM keeps track of all the allocated memory blocks and the references to them. As soon as a memory block is no longer referenced, it can be reclaimed. This is done in a process called garbage collection in which the JVM periodically checks all the allocated memory blocks, and removes any which are no longer referred to. Garbage collection is very c onvenient, but the trade offs are greater memory consumption and easilyer runtime speed.. With C++, the programmer can (and should) delete blocks of memory as soon as they are no longer required.With Java, blocks are not deleted until the next garbage collection run, and this depends on the implementation on the JVM being used. Prechtelt provides figures which state that on average ( ) and with a confidence of 80%, the Java programs consume at least 32 MB (or 297%) more memory than the C/C++ programs ( ). In appendix to the higher memory requirements, the garbage collection process itself requires processing spot which is consequently not available to the actual natural covering functionality, lead to slower overall runtimes.Since the garbage collector runs periodically, it can occasionally lead to Java programs freezing for a few seconds. The best JVM implementations keep the occurrence of such freezes to a minimum, but the freezes have not been eliminated entirely. When dealin g with external programs and devices, for example, during I/O or when interacting with a database, it is usually desirable to close the file away or database connection as soon as it is no longer required. Using C++s destructors, this happens as soon as the programmer calls delete.In Java, closing may not occur until the next garbage collecting sweep, which at best may tie up resources unnecessarily, and at worst risks the open resources ending up in an inconsistent state. The fact that Java programs keep memory blocks around longer than is strictly necessary is especially problematic for embedded devices where memory is often at a premium. It is no coincidence that there is (at the time of writing) no complete implementation of the Java platform for embedded devices, only partial implementations that implement a subset.The main reason why garbage collection is more big-ticket(prenominal) than explicit memory management by the programmer is that with the Java scheme, information i s lost. In a C++ program, the programmer knows both where their memory blocks are (by storing pointers to them) and knows when they are not needed any longer. In a Java 6 A Comparison of Qt and Java program, the latter information is not available to the JVM (even though it is known to the programmer), and thus the JVM has to manually find unreferenced blocks.A Java programmer can make use of their knowledge of when a memory block is not needed any longer by deleting all references that are still around and triggering garbage collection manually, but this requires as much effort on the part of the programmer as with the explicit memory management in C++, and still the JVM has to look at each block during garbage collection to determine which ones are no longer used. Technically, there is nothing that prevents the implementation and use of garbage collection in C++ programs, and there are commercial programs and libraries available that offer this.But because of the dis favors mentio ned above, few C++ programmers make use of this. The Qt toolkit takes a more efficient approach to easing the memory management task for its programmers when an object is deleted, all dependant objects are automatically deleted too. Qts approach does not interfere with the programmers freedom to delete manually when they wish to. Because manual memory management burdens programmers, C and C++ have been accused of being prone to generate unstable, bug-ridden software.Although the danger of producing memory turpitude (which typically leads to program crashes) is certainly higher with C and C++, good education, tools and experience can greatly reduce the risks. Memory management can be learned like anything else, and there are a large government issue of tools available, both commercial and open source, that help programmers ensure that there are no memory errors in the program for example, Insure++ by Parasoft, Purify by judicious and the open source Electric Fence.C++s flexible me mory management system also makes it possible to write custom memory profilers that are adapted to whichever type of application a programmer writes. To sum up this discussion, we have found C++ to provide much better runtime- and memory-efficiency than Java, while having same programmer-efficiency. 2. 4. Available libraries and tools The Java platform includes an impressive number of packages that provide hundreds of classes for all kinds of purposes, including graphical user interfaces, security, networking and other tasks.This is certainly an improvement of the Java platform. For each package available on the Java platform, there is at least one alike(p) library for C++, although it can be difficult to assemble the various libraries that would be needed for a C++ project and make them all work together correctly. However, this strength of Java is also one of its weaknesses. It becomes increasingly difficult for the individual programmer to find their way through the huge APIs. For any given task, you can be almost certain that somewhere, there is 7A Comparison of Qt and Java functionality that would accomplish the task or at least help with its implementation. But it can be very difficult to find the right package and the right class. Also, with an increasing number of packages, the size of the Java platform has increased considerably. This has led to subsets e. g. , for embedded systems, but with a subset, the advantage of having everything readily available disappears. As an aside, the size of the Java platform makes it almost impossible for smaller manufacturers to ship a Java system independent from Sun Microsystems, Javas inventor, and this reduces competition.If Java has an advantage on the side of available libraries, C++ clearly has an advantage when it comes to available tools. Because of the considerable maturity of the C and C++ family of languages, many tools for all aspects of application development have been developed, including design, de bugging, and profiling tools. man there are Java tools appearing all the time, they seldom measure up to their C++ counterparts. This is often even the case with tools with the same functionality coming from the same manufacturer compare, for example, Rationals Quantify, a profiler for Java and for C/C++.The most most-valuable tool any developer of a compiled language uses, is still the compiler. C++ has the advantage of having compilers that are clearly superior in execution speed. In order to be able to ship their compilers (and other tools) on various platforms, vendors go to implement their Java tools in Java itself, with all the aforementioned memory and efficiency problems. There are a few Java compilers written in a native language like C (for example, IBMs Jikes), but these are the exception, and seldom used. 3. Comparing AWT/Swing and QtSo far, we have compared the programming language Java and the programming language C++. But as we discussed at the beginning of this ar ticle, the programming language is only one of the aspects to consider in GUI development. We will now compare the packages for GUI development that are shipped with Java, i. e. AWT and Swing, with the cross-platform GUI toolkit, Qt, from the Norwegian supplier, Trolltech. We have confined the comparision on the C++ side to the Qt GUI toolkit, since unlike MFC (Microsoft Foundation Classes) and similar toolkits, This seems to contradict Javas cross-platform philosophy and may be due to the the initial AWT version being reputedly developed in under cardinal days. Because of these and a number of other problems with the AWT, it has since been augmented by the Swing toolkit. Swing relies on the AWT (and consequently on the native libraries) only for very staple fibre things like creating rectangular windows, handling events and executing primitive drawing operations. Everything else is handled inside Swing, including all the drawing of the GUI components.This does away with the probl em of applications looking and behaving other than on different platforms. Unfortunately, because Swing is mostly implemented in Java itself, it lacks efficiency. As a result, Swing programs are not only slow when performing computations, but also when drawing and handling the user interface, leading to poor responsiveness. As mentioned earlier, poor responsiveness is one of the things that users are least willing to tolerate in a GUI application. On straight offs standard commodity hardware, it is not unusual to be able to watch how a Swing button is redrawn when the mouse is pressed over it.While this situation will surely improve with faster hardware, this does not address the fundamental problem that complex user interfaces developed with Swing are inherently slow. The Qt toolkit follows a similar approach like Swing, it only relies on the native libraries only for very basic things and handles the drawing of GUI components itself. This brings Qt the same advantages as Swing (f or example, applications look and behave the same on different platforms), but since Qt is entirely implemented in C++ and thus compiled to native code it does not have Swings efficiency problems.User interfaces written with Qt are typically very fast because of Qts smart use of caching techniques, they are sometimes even faster than comparable programs written using only the native libraries. Theoretically, an optimal native program should always be at least as fast as an equivalent optimal Qt program however, qualification a native program optimal is much more difficult and requires more programming skills than making a Qt program optimal. Both Qt and Swing employ a styling technique that lets programs display in any one of a number of styles, independent of the platform they are running on.This is possible because both Qt and Swing handle the drawing themselves and can draw GUI elements in whichever style is desired. Qt even ships with a style that emulates the default look-and -feel in Swing programs, along with styles that emulate the 9 A Comparison of Qt and Java Win32 look-and-feel, the Motif look-and-feel, andin the mack version the MacOS X Aqua style. 3. 2. Programming Paradigms In Qt and Swing While programming APIs to some extent are a intimacy of the programmers personal taste, there are some APIs that lend themselves to simple, short, and de luxe application code far more readily than others.

Living by Numbers

Living By Numbers-Value Creation Or Profit? Case Summary This typesetters case basically explains astir(predicate) MarineCorp Sdn Bhd leads by Hafiz Hashim who has position as a Chief Financial Officer (CFO) in MarineCorp. It is also a subsidiary of SURIA. MarineCorp is a maritime solution supplier for its SURIA and have two subsidiaries which are Green Port Sdn Bhd and Sungai Emas Sdn Bhd. MarineCorp has their responsibility in manage and conducting both subsidiaries.The financial statements of the troika companies testament end by twelve months on 31st December 2009. The problems have arise in managing the three of the company in terms of Key Performance index (KPIs) that will used in the three of company as electric chair of SURIA wanted Value Based Management(VBM) to be used in itself and in three of the companies. Under VBM, executing of the company will be seen finished cognitive process evaluation and appraisal of employees while the value of the company will valued found on economic earnings.But, there is contradiction amid President of SURIA and CFO of MarineCorp, Hafiz Hashim since he thought that value company performance should be measured based on investment make by equity and debts holders. It means that they need to see investment based on expected return and cost of capital incurred by company. Next tidings is about dilemma faces by Hafiz from the problems arising. We found that there are three of dilemmas from discussion.Firstly, uncertainty in using economic earnings as essential by the Group or used profits as estimable by MarineCorp to report financial statements. Secondly, Hafiz also in dilemma when the chair asked him to ranked the three companies in terms of their performance and prepares suggestions on how to meliorate the performance of the company. Thirdly, Hafiz also pressured with General Manager of Green Port Sdn Bhd and MarineCorp about the issues of accounting in terms of maintenance costs, and the payments of div idends.The protagonist in this case is Hafiz Hashim because he is the person who is responsible in decision making for find out which performance value that could be used by the company. Furthermore, he should comply instruction of the president to use economic earnings to measure performance value of three companies. But, decision making make by Hafiz quite an different with the requirement asked by the president since he thinks the best way of life to evaluate performance value should linked with the investments expected return based on cost of capital