Catastrophes in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: Romeo and Juliet Essays

Catastrophes in Romeo and Juliet Many characters in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet invite the catastrophes they experience. These characters are Mercutio, Romeo, and Friar Laurence. Mercutio because he neer thinks before he acts. He has a very full-grown mouth and will say anything to create a joke. Romeo because of this fight with Tybalt. If this fight never occurred then the outcome of the story could have been better for Romeo and Juliet. Maybe in that respect families could have set aside their differences for there children and live the rest of there lives in harmony. Friar Lawrence because I do not think he sentiment about the plan to unite Romeo and Juliet long enough. He should have gotten a reliable messenger to inform Romeo of the situation. Romeos friend Mercutio was a very witty strenuous man. If he held his tongue and imagination about what he said before acting on them he would not have gotten into so many fights. His jokes were believably taken lightly be his friends Romeo and Benvolio because they were accustomed to hearing Mercutios voice constantly. Mercutio should not have tried to tease Tybalt because of the rivalry between Tybalts family and Romeos family. While avenging Mercutio, Romeo should have thought about the consequences of slaying Tybalt. On one hand he filled the urge to kill the man who had killed his friend. On the other hand he killed his wifes cousin. How digest one justify killing a member of their wifes family? Another consequence he should have taken into consideration was the punishment he was going to adjoin from Price Escalus. In act one scene one Prince Escalus already warned everyone in Verona that if anyone was caught fighting again the would pay for it with there lives. If Romeo had not gotten into the duel with Tybalt Romeo would not have been banished from Verona. When Prince Escalus exiled Romeo, that was the point in the play which was the biggest catastrophe. This i s because once Romeo was exiled he could not see Juliet ever again and Juliet could never see Romeo again. Friar Lawrence would have never had to devise a plan to put Juliet into

Over the Rhine Essay -- Music Musicians Bands Essays

Over the RhineIt is a high-minded occurrence in todays over-amplified, bass-kicking sound world to leave a contrive feeling as if you actually heard the music. Over the Rhine provided one and only(a) of those concerts on Thursday October 2nd at Birdys Bar and Grill in Indianapolis. My personal congratulations to the sound guy, whos mixing allowed the audience to genuinely hear all the different layers of music and different instrumentation really being played.Another rare occurrence real variantwriters and musicians playing their own music The five-piece band is led by vocalist, Karin Barquist, and her husband Linford Detweiler, keyboardist and collaborator. The rest of the band consists of Paul Moak who played the sitar during the opening song and lead guitar during most of the others, Will Seyles on drums, and Rick Plant on bass guitar. but Barquist seems to be the key member in the band. She has all the qualities a good lead singer should have great voice, good-looking, po ised, mature and confident. She really runs the show up there, and makes it look effortless in the process. The style of music cannot really be defined as one genre. The audience made it even harder to discern the kind of music being played. The people ranged in ages, gender, race, and dress. They just seemed interchangeable real people, not trying to be any part of one group, just like their music. This mix of folky, pop, one attempt at a easily spoken rap song, and country music produced all different kinds of songs. The songs have the type of lyrics that make you relate your own life to every single one of them. Theyre deep, and well thought out. Barquist doesnt just repeat the same nonsense lyric over and over. Her voice, to me, sounds a little like my favorite artist, Sarah McLaughlin. But it could really go any way she wanted hard, wacky, loud, weak, whiny, smooth, short and breathy. I have also heard her compared to singer Norah Jones. It seems like the marital bond surro unded by Barquist and Detweiler might have served as a source for lyric material. On Thursday night, the stage at Birdys was adorned with oriental rugs, candles, and vases of flowers to create ambiance. It was nice, but they wouldnt have needed it, the music spoke for itself. They played songs from two of their albums, Good Dog Bad Dog, but mostly their latest, Ohio. This album is the one that drew the advertize ... ...never articulate. A couple of other songs they played were Bothered, Cruel and Pretty and Changes Come. If you had never heard the band before tonight, this is where you would probably think all the songs sounded very similar. Slow, subdued and sad. The variety lies in the songwriting, if you start paying attention to the lyrics now, youd have a different opinion. I almost think what they say is so touching sometimes it should be in a book or poem by itself. But on the other hand, if you took away the way Barquist sings it, or the incident instrumentation, I doubt you would get the same idea. They can even make an acoustic guitar sound like its in pain and crying.They performed two songs during a much appreciated encore, the title track to their new album, Ohio, and a freestyle guitar solo. Even though all their songs are pretty much slow and sad, I leave the concert feeling as if I had just experience every emotion or feeling there was. There style is so soft and bare. They lay it all on the table, take it or leave it. Not interested in mainstream, happy with their underground following, and plus one more fan after the show in Indianapolis.

Network Security Essays -- Computers Technology Communications Essays

mesh topology SecurityIn the last decade, the number of computers in custom has exploded. For quite some time now, computers have been a crucial element in how we entertain and educate ourselves, and most importantly, how we do business. It seems obvious in retrospect that a natural result of the explosive growth in computer use would be an even more explosive (although delayed) growth in the desire and need for computers to talk with each other. For quite some time, businesses were primarily interested in sharing data within an office or campus environment, this direct to the development of various protocols suited specifically to this task. Within the last five years, businesses have begun to need to share data across wide areas. This has prompted efforts to convert in worldwide LAN-based protocols into WAN-friendly protocols. The result has spawned an entire industry of consultants who know how to manipulate routers gateways and networks to force principally broadcast protoco ls across point-to-point links. Frequently the protocol of choice has been TCP/IP which is similarly the primary protocol run on the Internet. The emerging ubiquitous ness of TCP/IP allows companies to interconnect with each other via private networks as come up as through public networks. In todays world businesses, governments, and individuals, all are communicating with each other across the world. While existence is rapidly approaching this utopian picture, several relatively minor issues have changed status from low priority to extreme importance. Security is probably the most substantially known of these problems. When businesses send private data across the net, they place a high value on it getting to its destination intact and without being intercepted by someone other than the intended recipient. Individuals sending private communications obviously desire secure communications. Finally, connecting a system to a network can break the system itself up to attacks. If a system is compromised, the risk of data loss is high.It can be useful to break network security into two general classes Methods used to secure data as it transits a network Methods which regulate what packets may transit the network While both significantly affect the trading going to and from a site, their objectives are quite different. Transit SecurityCurrently, there are no systems in wide use... ... monitor all activity, and very blue-blooded to quickly control what gets in and out of a network.ConclusionThere are two basic types of network security, transit security and traffic regulation, which when unite can help guarantee that the right information is securely delivered to the right place. It should be apparent that there is also a need for ensuring that the hosts that receive the information will properly process it, this raises the entire specter of host security a wide area which varies tremendously for each type of system. With the growth in business use of the Inte rnet, network security is rapidly becoming crucial to the development of the Internet. Soon, security will be an integral part of our day-to-day use of the Internet and other networks.BIBLIOGRAPHYAvaya Inc. Secure and Continuous Communications www.avaya.com Online Available http//www1.avaya.com/security/?agy=Google&cmp=Security&ctv=network+security&rfr=Google.com&typ=p4p&ovchn=GGL&ovcpn=Security&ovcrn=network+security&ovtac=PPC (October 13, 2004)Net Library. Network Security www.netlibary.com Online Available http//www.netlibrary.com/Search/SearchResults.aspx (October 15, 2004)

Manipulative Advertising Essay -- essays research papers

Manipulative AdvertisingAccording to Tom L. Beauchamp, manipulative advertising limits free and informed action (472). It is crystallize of like convincing customers to purchase something, but it is based on incorrect or inconclusive information. Advertisers use attractive rates, enticing images, and a variety of forms of mesmerism to hinder or block reasoned choice (479). One example is phony discounting where retailers present fake percentage markdown from suggested retail prices that are imaginary or artificially inflated (472). The customers are mislead into thinking they are actually receiving a bargain. Use advertisements to manipulate people is sinister because normal peoples freedom to choose freely is taken away. The important thing to remember is that it is not what was said and or done by the advertiser, but how a somebody (people) respond to what is trying to influence them. It is somewhat like lying, but it is the truth stretched out so far that it never seems to reach a lie. Some advertisers do lie and are held accountable in the sense that their business suffers because of it, but for the most part manipulative advertising is very common and well respectable especially in the United States.A very sad point concerning manipulative advertising is that advertisers, advertise to everyone including those very vulnerable people. Children as well as those with a weak state of mind, such as the ment...

Ephedra (Ma Huang) :: Botany

ephedra (Ma Huang) Ephedras species are an evergreen shrub, native to North China and Inner Mongolia. Its yellow/green fork-like shrub growing to an average of 20 inches (50cm) with long narrow, sprawling stems and tiny leaves, can be found in desert or arid regions passim the world. Its color can be green, gray, or red, depending on the species. The plant has small greenish yellow flowers and tiny nodes (joints) on the stalks (2). Ephedra is propagated from seed or by root division in autumn and demands well drained soil. It usually grows on dry, rocky or sandy slopes, and loves full sun. It matures very(prenominal) slowly and is very challenging to grow (1).General InformationEphedra (common name) comes from the family Ephedraceae. It has several scientific names that depend upon the plants founding location Ephedra major (American), Ephedra trifurca (American), Ephedra nevadensis (American) are found in North America and Ephedra sinica (Chinese- Ma Huang) is found in Asia. Othe r varieties of Ephedra can be found in Europe, India, and Pakistan. Ephedra was initially found in a Neolithic grave in the Middle East. This evidence may indicate that Ephedra was employ as a medicine more than 60,000 year ago. In China, Ephedra was the first herbal remedy to yield an active constituent, in this case ephedrine. The first isolation of ephedrine was in 1887, by a Japanese chemist, N. Nagai (2,5).Folk and Historic TraditionsThe Zen Monks used Ephedra to encourage calm concentration during meditation. According to a legend, a teatime containing Ephedra was given to the bodyguards of Genguis Khan, to keep them from falling asleep on sentry duty. Mormon Tea, one of Ephedras folk names, stems from the use of the tea by Mormons it was used as a replacement stimulant for the coffee and black tea the Mormons couldnt drink. In the 1800s Ephedra tea was served in Brothels, claiming to cure gonorrhea and syphilis. Ephedra tea today is not used as a cure it will not cure these STDs (2). Medicinal ValuesThe Medicinal use of Ephedra in China dates from approximately 2800B.C. In 1923 the practitioners of Western Medicine began their interest in Ephedra. Soon after, ephedrine became widely used as a nasal decongestant, a commutation nervous system stimulant, and a treatment for asthma in America. The isolated alkaloid originally obtained from Ephedra species, have been used in a substantial sum of prescription drugs and over-the-counter decongestants and allergy medications (2,4).

Why is this a Buddhist Poem? Essay -- Literary Analysis, Who Are You?,

The protagonist of the poem, Who Are You, attempts to define his identity in the manner that most humans fall dupe to. The inquirer, assumed to be Buddhist, is unsatisfied with his response as it contradicts the Dharma of the enlightened Buddha. Peter, when asked, Who are you? endeavors to label himself by the people that surround him, the place in which he was born, and the traits that he feels connected to. The question, however, is a deception used in the hope of set offing the flaws of the perception that humans carry for themselves. The Buddhist questioner engages in conversation with the designer of exposing the three marks of existence. The first is Anitya, impermanence, the second is Duhkha, dissatisfactoriness, and the third is Anatman, no self. The no self is a principle that other religions contradict, and most humans have obstacle comprehending. The Buddha replaces the concept of an intrinsic or everlasting soul with the Five Aggregates, thus further illustrating imper manence. In order to eradicate the Duhkha in Peters life, he must recognize all these notions within the Buddhist doctrine along with that of Dependent Arising. This further explains the source of Anatman, offers a passage to eradicate the Duhkha, and further renounce the existence of Samsara. With the dharma of the Buddha, it is evident that Peters ignorance towards life will become replaced by wisdom and comprehension, allowing him a lifestyle liberated from Duhkha. The method, in which Peter desperately attempts to decipher who he is, represents the flaws that the Buddha recognized in most sentient beings. These flaws are epitomized by the three marks of existence. The first mark of existence, reflected in the mans responses, becomes visible. This... ...t his identity, he finds that no answer seems to satisfy the other. The more perplexed Peter becomes, he discovers how little he truly knows, and upon declaring this, the questioner is appeased. This is because the motive of th e Buddhist is to unveil the dharma of the Buddha in hopes of enlightening his disciple. Through his questions, he illustrates the three marks of existence, Anitya, Duhkha, and Anatman. The Buddha replaces Anatman with the Five Aggregates to explain the impermanence and the dissatisfactoriness in the human realm. In addition, the notion of dependent arising is ordinary in hopes of explaining the cause for Duhkha, ignorance, and the method to eliminating it. Through the banter between he who is enlightened, and he who is not, the reader is hopeful that Peter will appreciate the dharma presented and cease the conjuring trick and dissatisfactoriness.

“I had been hungry all the years” by Emily Dickinson Essay

The poem I had been hungry all the years by Emily Dickinson explores the personas change of attitude towards provender. This poem can be taken literally or metaphorically and I have chosen to go steady it literally.From the beginning of the poem, the persona informs us that she (assuming the persona is a girl) has not dischargeen fully for quite a while all the years. However, now it is time for her to eat at noon. She takes a rather tentative approach to the table possibly because she is scared that this room that holds the food is too good to be true. Scared that if she mightiness make a sudden move, this room might disappear. Other possibilities to why shes trembling might be the anticipation of actually eating the food or the fact that shes so hungry that shes physically trembling. Either way, she touches the wine glass cautiously, giving me an impression that she hasnt seen wine so onenessr curious.In the second stanza, the persona tells us her thoughts on food. She looks through windows at the tables of food whenever shes turning, hungry, lone. Wealth, in this poem, means two things one being material wealth such as mansion, furniture, and money. The other is food. Looking through a window from the outside, food to her is wealth. From this I deduced that the persona is passing poor to be out on the streets a homeless person.The third stanza supports the assumption I made in the previous paragraph shared in Natures dining-room. Natures dining-room is the outside world of the streets, where homeless people eat and sleep. Ample bread is so unconnected to her that she is in awe and wonder of how large the bread is. The amount of food she consume is of a crumb, similar to the way birds eat pecking at crumbs on the ground.This quaternary stanza is where the change occurs. She has fully eaten for the first time and discovers that the plenty hurts. This is because she/her body is not accustomed to the amount of food she has eaten and thus, the result of her feeling ill and odd. Beforehand she eats as much as the birds do only crumbs but her situation of being hungry changes. And this is what makes her realize that food is not as appealing as she once previouslythought. Food is more delicious and wonderful when one is hungry but bland when one is ill and odd (or full).In strong her desire for food, she had learnt That hunger was the wayOf persons outside windows,The entering takes away.

Are teenage girls treated differently than boys?

Teenage girls and boys have long been known for their different interests, tastes, attitudes and past times, but is society now also treating teen girls in a different manner than the boys. I believe that to be the case, because now through all aspects of their lives immature girls are being managed different to expressive style of life the boys are.The story starts at the home parents attend to be far more(prenominal) protective of their teenage daughters than their sons. I believe this initially stems from the fact that girls do seem to naturally non a powerful physically as boys and that teenage girls are therefore much more at risk from predators than teenage boys and are less able to fend off an overpowering man. Teenage girls also have the ability to get pregnant where as boys do not, for this reason the girls ask to be watched and cared for more by their parents by implementing more rules on them in terms of the times they are allowed out until and the people they can associate themselves with.In terms of household chores and responsibility you tend to see that the teenage girl would be helping her mother out in the kitchen, preparing food and washing dishes whereas teenage boys would be seen helping in more physically demanding jobs such as mowing the lawn and fetching the bin out. This I believe is because parents, unfortunately, do to seem to give way to societies prejudices not because they want to but because they know it would be best for their daughters to learn how to work and cook in the kitchen for when they would most likely be cooking for their maintain in the future.The media has a great influence on teenagers and it is the media that has the greatest ability to create stereotypes and depicts the way of life which everyone should be living but more very much or not the media is wrong yet it steady manages to pressures on teenagers especially as to how they should act. It is teenage boys though that have seemed to have pulled the short end of the bring forth in the medias plans and it is them are constantly being portrayed as being violent, dangerous and anti-social. This is unfair treatment to the vast majority of teenage boys who are none of these things.Teenage girls though are depicted in a more positive light teenage girls in advertisements are more often than not seen to be playing, chatting and laughing with each other normally inside the house while boys are mostly show to been playing aggressive games, building toys or fighting. Teenage girls also get viewed in a much more positive light by the general public as it is them who are endlessly being hailed for their academic achievements, and although tragically, it is teenage girls who are most commonly reported as victims in the news, which leads the public to view them in a much more sympathetic light.Finally teenage girls are given less opportunities in the workplace. Although jobs are obviously quite rare and far between for teenagers now days, we still do see an uneven spread across the genders. This is because those companies ready to employ teenagers will most probably be looking at them as a source of cheap and exploitable labour. The sorts of jobs that are normally available are those which involve manual labour and physical work such as cleaning the floor, taking rubbish out and transferring equipment. These sorts of jobs are most suited towards boys because of their superior physical abilities. Unfortunately this means the teenage girls are often left neglected in the early stages of their working life.

Multi-agency working in a special school setting

There ar ab forth 15,000 kids ( aged under 18 ) with intricate and grueling acquisition troubles in England ( DCSF, 2008, School Census ) . The surgical incision for Children, Schools and Families ( DCSF ) define composite and legal tilting troubles in the under insinuateed footingsIn add-on to rattling terrible larning troubles, the kids will h quondam(a) antithetical minuteant troubles, such as physical disablements, centripetal damage or a terrible medical status. They require a tall degree of big permit, for their personal attention every bit dangerous as for their acquisition pick ups. They ar seeming to necessitate centripetal stimulation and a course of study that is broken down into really little stairss. Some kids with profound and multiple acquisition troubles communicate by gesture, oculus decimal pointing or symbols others communicate by utilizing really simple linguistic parley.For the pattern of this survey, in line with the DCSF definition, pupils wi th building complex and profound acquisition troubles atomic number 18 defined as those who helping two featuresa profound cognitive damage or larning trouble anda complex interaction of troubles in more than one country of operation.Evidence suggests that locally coordinated proviso is existence adopted nation liberal as a person-centred ack-ack gun to the demands of kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles ( Hirst and Baldwin, 1994 ) . Despite this, the Further Education Funding Council for Learning Difficulties and/or Disabilities Committee ( FEFC, 1996 ) suggests at that place ar still promotions to be made in be aftering amid passe-partout groups in order to advance educational patterned advance and societal cellular inclusion ( Department of wellness, 2001 ) . In relation to these findings this paper describes a research survey that aims to throwaway the effectiveness multi- elbow room floodning(a)(a) inside a proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles.Multi-agency operative a argument over conceptualizationIn past research, the footings inter-agency and multi-agency have been utilise interchangeably, doing the construct of multi-agency works less piddle. Some research players, such as Carpenter ( 1995 ) have suggested that the unlikeiation between the two is numerical, whereby inter-agency refers to two masters workss together, such as a instructor and instruction helper, whilst multi-agency working refers to a assert of affairs when at that place atomic number 18 more than two professional groups are involved, such as a primary school instructor, physical therapist and larning take instructor.Other authors suggest the difference between inter-agency and multi-agency working roots from issues of professional boundaries. For illustration, inter-agency working could be escortn as like you are traversing into another infinite ( Pirrie et al. , 1998, p.213 ) where there are clear subroutine defi nitions, whilst multi-agency working hobo be seen as advancing blurred boundaries between professional groups ( Wilson and Pirrie, 2000 ) .The DfES defines multi-agency working as different go and police squads of professionals and other ply working together to supply the process that to the full meet the demands of kids, immature citizenry and their parents or carers. ( DfES, 2004, p.18 ) .It is believed that the term multi-agency working screens a wide array of engagement, which could run from meetings between professionals from different bureaus to professionals working collaboratively over long periods of trim back and crosswise local communities ( Barnes, 2008 ) .For the intent of this survey, multi-agency working will affect different professionals working together on a regular footing over a considerable period of flash back at The Meadows 1 to run into the demands of the scholarly persons who attend.Multi-agency working to spikelet up kids with complex and profo und acquisition troubles the demand to organize servicesOver snipping, there has been a gradual displacement in the perceptual experience of persons with complex and profound acquisition troubles. Whereby, the medical theoretical work out, with its concentration on personal shortage, is bit by bit germinating into a societal theoretical account which lavishlylights the usurpation of environmental factors, societal factors and entree to educational ascertains on the lives of those with complex and profound acquisition troubles ( World Health Organization, 2001 ) .The increasing focal point on lineament of life has highlighted the demand for professional bureaus to work collaboratively, if those with complex and profound acquisition troubles are to take richer lives ( Mencap, 2000 Barnes, 2008 ) . Besides, multi-agency working is being progressively seen as a agency of enabling improved entree to specialist support and resources, easing inclusion and ensuing in raised att ainme nt ( Forbes, 2007 ) .Roaf ( 2002 ) suggests that multi-agency working enables kids with complex educational demands to bring their full potency, stating Despite the complexness of their troubles, in school, instructors frequently find that when professionals work closely together, immature people reach their educational potency ( p. 2 ) .Roaf ( 2002 ) also highlights how, in contrast to multi-agency working, accessing services which are fragmented fag end frequently take to disciplines in accessing support and kids foundation at times get lost(p) in the system . Further research suggests that kids with complex and profound demands frequently experience co-occurring and overlapping troubles ( Maras et al. , 2002 ) which require a holistic appraisal of single demands by dint of multi-disciplinary working.Multi-agency working has been determine as an reasoned method of early(a) designation and intercession to turn to complex demands ( Carpenter, 2000 ) and the demand to bet ter multi-agency working to back up persons with complex and profound acquisition troubles was highlighted in the White Paper Valuing People ( Department of Health, DoH 2001 ) . Valuing Peoples advocates a person-centred sharpshoot to presenting existent alteration in the lives of people with larning disablements ( p. 5 ) by supplying a individual, multi-agency mechanism for accomplishing this ( p.5 ) . The paper suggests that in order to make the cardinal grosbeak aim that handicapped kids gain maximal life-chance benefits from educational chances, ( p. 122 ) it is indispensable that wellness attention and societal attention should follow a multi-agency, coordinated assail to back up persons, every bit practised as their parents or carers. The overarching purpose of coordinating services by means of joint on the job patterns across wellness, societal attention and instruction is to supply a broadloom service ( DfES, 2003, 2004 ) to ricochet kids the best come-at-abl e start in life and to get the better of the troubles otherwise faced by households with fragmented services ( DoH, 2006 ) .The research base in this country proposes that multi-agency working is a cardinal facilitating factor for enabling kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles to pull ahead improved life-chances and educational chances every bit good as supplying support for parents and carers. The quest measure is to see how intelligent multi-agency working can be achieved.Pulling on the reasonableness factors which facilitate effectual multi-agency workingLiterature from an organizational psychological science perspective suggests that merely seting persons from professional groups together does non lackfully take to effectual multi-agency or collaborative working ( Clark, 1993 Pirrie et al. , 1998 ) . Alternatively it is proposed that effectual multi-agency working is dependent on broad scope of factors, such as a blurring of professional boundaries which lea ds to the formation of trust, tolerance and a willingness to raft duty ( Nolan, 1995, p. 306 ) . Besides, success depends on the creative activity of a new manner of working that identifies common ends ( Pirrie et al. , 1998 ) , offers clear way at a strategic degree ( Atkinson et al. , 2005 ) and encourages a personal committedness from squad members ( Wilson and Pirrie, 2000 ) .Guidance from Every Child Matters alteration for kids, provincesTo work successfully on a multi-agency footing you need to be clear about your ain function and aware of the functions of other professionals you need to be confident about your ain criterions and marks and respectful of those that fool to other services, actively seeking and esteeming the culture and input others can do to presenting best results for kids and immature people. ( DfES, 2004, p. 18 )A elaborate survey carried out with 139 members of multi-agency squads ( topical anaesthetic Government Area Research score 26 Atkinson et al. , 2002 ) found that the primary accomplishments identified for successful multi-agency working across a scope of scenes includea committedness from all involved understanding ain and other s functions and duties holding common purposes and aims to work towards effectual communicating and information sharing loaded leading holding support or resources needed andgood working relationships and holding equal clip.Sloper ( 2004 ) found factors at an organizational degree which facilitate multi-agency working includethe planning, execution and on-going direction of multi-agency services clear and realistic purposes and aims that are easy understood and accepted clearly defined functions and duties with clear lines of answerability crocked leading from a multi-agency guidance or direction group guaranting good systems of communicating and information sharing at all degrees andan agreed timetable and incremental attack for alteration.In drumhead, scenes where effectual multi-agency working has been established with a strong committedness from professionals involved has lead to better results for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles nevertheless, the manner in which this is achieved is non simple. There are cardinal constituents identified within the research which are thought to ease multi-agency working but accomplishing effectual multi-agency working is non a artless procedure and may change from one puting to another. Based on a reappraisal of the literature around factors which affect multi-agency working, restateing subjects include the exigency of functions and duties effectual communicating and information sharing positive working relationships between persons from different bureaus and organizational factors such as how multi-agency working is managed.The Present StudyAt a whole-school staff meeting, The Meadows identified a desire to measure the strength of multi-agency working centered on students with complex and profound acqu isition troubles. At this meeting the school staff describe that they would wish to measure current multi-agency working within the school to larn about how that might be improved for future service bringing. This was so discussed at a planning meeting affecting the research worker, the school SENCo ( Particular Educational Needs Coordinator ) and proxy caput instructor. The present survey is an explorative investigating into multi-agency working within this specialist proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles.The context for this survey is The Meadows School which was established in September 2000 following the reorganization of proviso for kids with particular educational demands in Newtown 2 and is now presently the lone primary school within Newtown Local Authority catering for the demands of kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles or disablements.In September 2006, The Meadows moved into a edifice which was trade parent new and purpose bui lt. Along with instruction and schoolroom support staff, the school is supported by a multi-agency squad of physical therapists, occupational healers, address and linguistic dialogue healers, a specializer instructor of the visually stricken, a specializer instructor of the hearing impaired, clinical psychologist, educational psychologist and medical staff, such as the school nurse and the adviser baby doctor.There are presently 124 kids go toing The Meadows, runing in age from 2 old ages to 11 old ages. All are described as holding complex and profound acquisition troubles, which include terrible autism, complex medical conditions, physical and mobility troubles, every bit good as terrible developmental hold.There is a high proportion of students from an cultural minority back reasonableness and a little figure of looked after kids who attend The Meadows. An OFSTED review in summer 2007 rated the school as being Good overall and the undermentioned were rated as outstanding Foun dation Stage proviso, Personal Development and Well-being, Care, Guidance and Support and Curriculum Activities. OFTSED study that There are first-class working relationships with other suppliers and bureaus and these have a positive consequence on the development of course of study activities. PurposesThe purpose of this survey is to measure the effectivity of multi-agency working at The Meadows. This will be achieved by replying the undermentioned inquiries1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows?2. How do multi-agency professionals ( MAPs ) at The Meadows get the picture their ain and others functions?3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing?MethodProcedureThis survey was conducted over a quaternary month period from September to December, 2010. Table 1 nowadayss a timeline which illustrates the process ( informations aggregation methods are described in more item in the Measures subdivision of this survey ) .TimeActionRADIO theoretical account ( Timmins et al. , 2003 ) phaseSeptemberOn an informal land to the scene, The Meadows staff mentioned a demand for research to be conducted within the school. They felt research could assist the school develop future service bringing. I suggested a treatment is held with school staff to place some manageable research countries. strain 1 Awareness of demand raised by the school.Early OctoberI met with school SENCo to conversation possible research countries. The rating of multi-agency working is agreed. I was asked to carry on the research.Phase 2 Invitation to move is given by the SENCo on behalf of the schoolMid OctoberI met with the SENCo, early old ages coordinator and deputy caput instructor to discourse research inquiries and purposes to be investigated.Phase 3, 4 & A 5 Identifying stakeholders and discoursing who the results will impact and holding the focal point of concern.End OctoberA research brief is e armored ( See App endix One ) sketching the purposes of the research, research aims, attack, methodological analysis, timings and contact inside informations, including why information will be collected and how it would be used. Staff are asked to supply feedback on research brief.Phase 5 & A 6 Identifying stakeholders and discoursing the focal point of concern every bit good as determining a model for informations assemblage.Early NovemberI visited The Meadows to carry on a semi-structured discourse with the early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor to larn about the school and how multi-agency on the job maps.Phase 7 Gathering Information stage 1.Mid NovemberI conducted observations over two forenoons ( about seven hours ) to bowl up informations. The intent was to portraying four things the accomplishments and cognition staff were using in their function, working relationships between multi-agency staff, how multi-agency working was structured or organised and wh at screen out of support was offered by MAPs.Phase 7 Gathering Information stage 1.End NovemberI explored student files for information. The intent was to measure the accomplishments and cognition MAPs were using in their function and how multi-agency working was structured.Phase 7 Gathering Information stage 1.DecemberData was collected through the usage of questionnaires.Phase 7 Gathering Information stage 2.MeasuresThe overarching purpose was to measure multi-agency working at The Meadows with an involvement in placing ways of developing future support for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles at the school.A multi-method attack was used affecting two stages. Phase one, was in the first place analytic-inductive ( Robson, 2002 ) , using an interpretative attack as the footing for question, whereby, semi-structured interviews were conducted, pupil files were explored and observations were used to bring forth rich, qualitative information. Phase two consisted of stru ctured questionnaires used to look into subjects originating from the interview solutions and research relationships between variables to bring forth quantitative informations.Semi-structured interviewsI visited The Meadows to carry on a semi-structured interview with the early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor to larn about the school and how it operates as a multi-agency squad.A semi-structured attack with open-ended interview inquiries was used, as suggested by Cohen and Manion ( 1989 ) to let the research worker to be flexible throughout the oppugning procedure, so that a free-flow of information could be achieved. An interview agendum of inquiries was created based on subjects which had emerged from a reappraisal of the literature.A list of possible inquiries was written ( see Appendix Two ) to motivate the interviewer sing the cardinal points to conceal and subjects to turn to. As recommended by Robson ( 2002 ) there was flexibility over th e sequencing of inquiries, their exact diction and the sum of clip and attending given to different subjects depending on the response of the participant.The interviews were tape enter which Robson ( 2002 ) suggests is good pattern to supply comprehensive informations for ulterior analysis. This method besides allowed me to concentrate on edifice resonance which is an built-in portion of a successful interview procedure ( Dexter, 1970 ) .At the start of each interview I described the interview procedure, about how long it should last, and the general topics to be covered. I asked the interviewee s permission to enter replies and reassured hiddenity. The interviewees were asked if they had any inquiries before get downing the interview and once more at the terminal.After the interviews were complete, through informal treatment, participants were asked to reflect on the interview procedure. From feedback, it was found that respondents felt they had been able to reply inquiries in th eir ain clip and in their ain manner. Participants said they felt relaxed and liked my interview manner, as it was informal and set them at easiness. ObservationsI conducted observations over two forenoons and get a lined 15 members of staff working across four categories including, instructors, larning support practicians, physical therapists and address and linguistic communication healers.Before get downing observations, I introduced herself by mentioning to the information outlined in the research brief and inquiring for each participant s consent to be portion of the research procedure.The observation technique involved analyzing a scope of grownups working with kids and depicting four things the accomplishments and cognition staff were using in their function, working relationships between multi-agency staff, how multi-agency working was structured or organised and what sort of support was offered by MAPs. This was recorded on an observation record sheet ( see Appendix thre e for sample record sheet ) .As proposed by Robson ( 2002 ) , information was recorded during observations and surplus information was added shortly after each observation period, including interpretative thoughts and subjective feelings.QuestionnairesThe purpose was to try as broad a scope of bureaus as possible and cod informations through the usage of questionnaires from a scope of professionals from different bureaus who support students at The Meadows. An explanatory missive, along with a structured questionnaire ( See Appendix Three ) were sent to each member of staff at The Meadows through the usage of the school s internal postal system and through electronic mail besides.The questionnaire was structured into six subdivisions. These subdivisions were based on subjects originating from the reappraisal of literature, interviews and observations conducted antecedently. The six subdivisions were as followsbackground information, which explored the respondents function and clip worked at The Meadows communicating between MAPs including teaching staff physical therapists occupational healers address and linguistic communication healers a specializer instructor of the visually impaired a specializer instructor of the hearing impaired clinical psychologist and educational psychologist.apprehension of ain and other multi-agency professional s functions at The Meadows positions on administration and construction of multi-agency working at The Meadows as these facilitated or inhibited each respondent s ain work and overall multi-agency working within the school environmental factors which may impact multi-agency working andother Factors act uponing multi-agency working.The inquiries were a mixture of open-ended inquiries which had no predetermined response options and needed respondents to enter their replies in sentences and scaling inquiries which required respondents to click a similar response on a five-point ordinal graduated table.A pilot questio nnaire was administered to four participants. Through informal inquiring, respondents gave feedback which was incorporated into the concluding questionnaire design.20 questionnaires were returned ( N=20 ) from a scope of bureaus, includinglarning support helpers ( N=3 ) educational psychologist ( N=1 ) occupational healer ( N=1 ) address and linguistic communication healers ( N=2 ) physical therapist ( N=1 ) instructors ( N=6 ) librarian ( N=1 ) andelder Management staff ( N=5 ) .ConsequencesThe consequences will be reported in relation to the research aims below1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows?2. How do MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and others functions?3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing?How is multi-agency working organised/structured at The Meadows?In order to derive insight into how The Meadows operates as a multi-agency squad, observations across the school were conducted, pup il files held at Newtown Inclusion Support were explored and information was gathered through interviews with the school s early old ages coordinator, deputy caput instructor and caput instructor.Contented analysis of the informations from observations and interviews ( See Appendix Four for process ) suggests that The Meadows operates as an operational multi-agency bringing squad. delineate representation of this type of attack is provided in Figure 1.1.Figure 1.1 Operational squad bringing theoretical accountDuring the interviews participants ( caput teacher, early old ages coordinator and deputy caput instructor ) were asked to name all the bureaus that on a regular basis work at The Meadows and depict how services are coordinated and delivered to back up students at the school. From their responses, it was possible to build a figure to demo the bureaus and their connection ( See Figure 1.2 ) . When asked, interviewees described multi-agency working at The Meadows as a scope of experts who work in close propinquity and work together to present support to students, ( head teacher ) with the overall purpose being, to accomplish a bipartisan exchange of cognition, thoughts and accomplishments ( head teacher ) between all those involved ( as indicated in Figure 1.2 ) .The Meadows Multi-agency squad bringing theoretical accountFigure 1.2 The Meadows s multi-agency squad bringing theoretical account.Health professionals physical therapist, occupational healer, address and linguistic communication healers, clinical psychologist, pediatric adviser, Educational Psychologist.Education professionals Educational Psychologist, instructors, larning support practicians, elderberry bush direction, co-ordinators.Other services Parents, voluntaries, meal-time supervisors, site staff, disposal staff, drivers, librarianSocial services Social workers.The purpose of the operational bringing squad was reported to be for professionals from different bureaus to work together o n a daily footing and to organize a cohesive multi-agency squad that delivers a person-centered service straight to students who attend The Meadows. By utilizing this attack senior direction at The Meadows hope to supply a seamless service for parents which offers a broad comprehensiveness of expertness, accomplishments and experience and hope this attack encourages joined up believing between bureaus, an efficient free flow of information and would promote more creativeness. Through questionnaires, MAPs who work at The Meadows were asked to rate their cognition and apprehension of assorted structural and organizational elements of multi-agency working at The Meadows such as the staffing construction and the organisation of the course of study. Respondents were asked to rate the extent to which they were involved in determining these elements and how they impacted on their engagement in multi-agency working. Chart 1 below represents the mean questionnaire response from staff ( larger sized chart gettable in Appendix Five ) .The responses were divided into three groups senior direction, learning staff ( including larning support practicians ) and professionals who are employed by external bureaus such as address and linguistic communication healers, occupational healers, physical therapists and psychologists. This was done to see whether there were differences between groups.Although evaluations across all countries were high for all groups, it was found that senior direction rated their cognition of the construction of The Meadows and engagement in determining service bringing as highest across most classs. Teaching staff rated 2nd highest across the same countries and external bureaus rated lowest across these countries. This suggests that external bureaus perceive they have the lowest apprehension of The Meadows s course of study, the least chances for joint planning and formulation bringing and the least input into future service bringing. Qualitat ive responses on the questionnaires from professionals employed by external bureaus, suggest that clip restraints are the chief ground for the want of engagement in joint planning and preparation.Additionally, during interviews some staff reported that some MAPs do non hold a clear apprehension of The Meadows s thematic course of study, which leads to them to propose extra marks which are ill-fitting with the curriculum marks already in topographic point. It was felt this frequently puts increasing demands on learning staff who are responsible for implementing marks suggested by external bureaus.How make MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and other s functions?Through questionnaires MAPs were asked to name the cardinal accomplishments and cognition they considered that they implemented in their function at The Meadows. This information was triangulated with informations from observations and single student files. Figure 2 illustrates the cardinal accomplishments and cognition u sed by multi-agency staff at The Meadows in their daily working.Figure 2. diagrammatic representation of cardinal accomplishments and cognitionCommon Skills & A Knowledge specializer cognition assessing pupil advancement communication with other professionals & A parents and experience.Address and Language Therapists cognition of communicatingdevelopment and swallowingtroubles and mark linguistic communication andoptionsignifiers ofcommunicating.Physical therapists expertness in all right and stark(a) motordevelopment and placement andseating options.Teaching Staff( including larningsupport practicians ) communication with parents& A a broad scope of professionals experience of working with kidswith a broad scope of demand and program, learn & amp assess student advancement.Educational Psychologist advice on behaviordirection rules -advice on accessingthe course of study and support student s academicdevelopment.The cardinal circle in Figure 2. entitled Common Skills a nd Knowledge , identifies a set of common accomplishments that all MAPs employed in their work at The Meadows. The qualitative responses from questionnaires suggested that some MAPs felt that there was some function convergence and deficiency of lucidity sing the cardinal duties of some professionals they worked with, which at times lead to repeat in the work carried out by different persons, peculiarly when measuring student advancement. This will be explored further in the Discussion subdivision of this paper.The following measure was to research how staff at The Meadows perceived their ain functions. Through questionnaires staff were asked to rate statements associating to their function and the functions of other MAPs. Consequences are presented in Chart 2 ( larger sized chart available in Appendix Five ) .The bulk of MAPs felt that they had a really good apprehension of their ain function and others functions. All staff members viewed themselves chiefly as a member of The Meadows s staff squad. Those who are employed by an external bureau viewed themselves as chiefly members of The Meadows staff squad and besides view themselves as portion of an external bureau. Qualitative responses from this group suggest that some persons found that belonging to two administrations can be hard to pull off at times, can sometimes be frustrating and can at times lead to conflict. Overall, respondents felt that professional boundaries were non hard to traverse and they perceived that professional boundaries were somewhat blurred.Through questionnaires, staff were asked to rate the grade to which they understood the functions of other professionals who worked at The Meadows and how often they had contact with them. The consequences are presented in Chart 3 ( larger sized chart available in Appendix Five ) .The consequences show that there are fluctuations in the degree of apprehension of some professional functions and in the degree of contact with some profess ional groups. From the mean overall responses it is suggested that most respondents felt they had the clearest apprehension of the functions of teaching staff, larning support practicians, address and linguistic communication healers, the instructor of the visually impaired, nursery nurses, the wellness attention squad and disposal staff. These groups were besides rated as holding the highest degree of contact, which suggests that high contact can take to better apprehension of others functions.There was least contact with the clinical psychologist, the instructor of the hearing impaired, societal workers and the educational psychologist. Qualitative responses from the questionnaire suggested that clip limitations affect contact with some professional groups, particularly those with merely one member such as the clinical psychologist, the instructor of the hearing impaired, societal workers and the educational psychologist, which adversely impacted other workers apprehension of th e function.How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing?In general, respondents believed that multi-agency working at The Meadows was effectual and well-organised. However, qualitative responses suggested some countries for possible betterment were clip restraints, deficiency of communicating and function ambiguity.Through qualitative responses on questionnaires it was suggested that communicating between MAPs was an country which could be addressed to better future service bringing at The Meadows.Seven cardinal elements to better communicating were identified, these weresystems in topographic point to let confidential exchange of information between bureaus for illustration, through secure web waiters chances for multi-agency meetings at regular intervals and available on a as needed footing chances to run into as a whole staff with all MAPs who work at The Meadows to construct better working relationships a dependable point of contact to m ention to for information and counsel when MAPs are non in school or non readily available a shared country on the school s intranet where MAPs can portion information, programmes and how to implement recommendations guarantee disposal staff have a clear apprehension of the duties of MAPs who visit the school and are notified of when they are due to see andguaranting communicating with parents presents a clear and cohesive image, ( deputy caput instructor ) particularly when many professional bureaus are involved and there is possible for contrary advice.Suggestions for bettering the apprehension of other multi-agency professionals functions were contributed as a manner of bettering future service bringing at The Meadows. Five perceived cardinal elements to better apprehension were identified. These werea profile of each multi-agency professional who operates at The Meadows that other school staff can mention to, for information about their functions and duties more contact wit h MAPs. Classroom-based staff suggested it would be helpful if MAPs spent more clip in category ( if possible ) and had more chances to work straight with learning staff, kids and parents more chances created for joint planning between MAPs and classroom-based staff.more staff meetings to specify functions and construct professional relationships andmore multi-agency engagement in the school s visioning yearss where future service bringing is discussed.Reliability, cogency and generalisabilityIt is of import to observe some of the restrictions of this peculiar survey. One such restriction is that the findings are specific to one peculiar scene and limited to the minute in clip the survey was conducted. It can non be assumed that consequences can be generalised to other instances and fortunes.The attack used in this survey does hold the potency to give conceptually rich, psychological histories of complex phenomena ( Turner, 1992 ) .The design of this survey was developed based o n treatments with school staff and the research worker s ain contemplations, doing it likely that prejudices exist which limit the dependability and cogency ( define and be specific ) of findings. For illustration, the steps used and the research design were determined by the research worker s perceptual experiences of what the school would happen good and of import.Another possible restriction is that trying was across a figure of bureaus in this survey, nevertheless, there are other bureaus which were non involved that would hold been utile to include, the most noteworthy being societal workers, farther it would hold been helpful to research parents positions. The choice of bureaus and interviewees may hold led to the consequences being skewed.In footings of informations aggregation steps used, there are a figure of strengths and restrictions to each which are summarised below.Semi-structured Interviews This attack allows some grade of flexibleness and provides a wealth of verbal and non-verbal rich and enlightening information ( Robson, 2002 ) . However, this attack lacks standardisation and can raise concerns over dependability ( Robson, 2002 ) . Besides, the flexibleness of this attack increases the likelihood of interviewer prejudice which can impact the cogency and dependability of responses.Focused Observations The observation informations provided rich, qualitative information embedded within the context of the scene ( Robson, 2002 ) which added to the face cogency and dependability of the informations collected. However, experimental informations are capable to reading by the perceiver and trust on what the perceiver chooses to go to to. Besides, a deficiency of multiple perceivers can impact the dependability of reported informations.Questionnaires This attack allowed a scope of persons to be involved in the research which may non hold been possible otherwise, due to clip restraints. Questionnaire response rate may hold been increased if the questi onnaire could hold been shortened or conducted at a more convenient clip. Since content analysis was carried out by one research worker this may besides hold led to researcher prejudice.In footings of overall dependability and cogency of this survey, it is of import to observe that by utilizing a multi-method attack and triangulating the findings from several methods of informations aggregation it is possible to better dependability and cogency ( Robson, 2002 ) .Discussion and decisionsThe intent of this survey was to measure the effectivity of multi-agency working within a proviso for kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles by replying the undermentioned inquiries1. How is multi-agency working organised and structured at The Meadows?2. How do MAPs at The Meadows perceive their ain and others functions?3. How could multi-agency working at The Meadows be improved for future service bringing?When turn toing the first inquiry, it was noted that The Meadows maps as an oper ational multi-agency bringing squad. This attack relies to a great extent on effectual communicating and a high degree of committedness from all bureaus involved ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 ) . It relies on the effectual sharing of information and resources every bit good as the demand to happen clip to construct good working relationships between bureaus ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 Roaf and Lloyd, 1995 ) . When working within this theoretical account of service bringing, it is extremely of import to construct cognition and apprehension of each other s functions, duties and precedences in order to advance cooperation between bureaus ( Atkinson et al. , 2002 Easen, 1998 McConkey, 2001 ) .When compared to staff who were for good based at The Meadows, such as learning staff and senior direction at the school, bureaus which are employed by external administrations, had the least apprehension of The Meadows s course of study and rated their engagement in joint planning and staff preparation as lowest. Qualitative informations supported the position that that these countries were a possible failing in multi-agency working at The Meadows and that by turn toing the restrictions in these countries, future service bringing could be improved.In peculiar, it was suggested that MAPs should hold a clear apprehension of the alone course of study The Meadows provides for each single student. Pupils work on a thematic course of study based on chance ( head instructor ) , which includes elements of the National Curriculum and besides is separately tailored to supply chances to develop accomplishments and experiences in countries such as personal and societal instruction, communicating, independency and drama relevant to each kid.Rushmer and Pallis ( 2002 ) suggest that for an administration to accomplish its ends and aims, the work of single squad members must be linked into a consistent form of activities and relationships. The consequences from this survey suggest there is a s et of common accomplishments that all MAPs employed in their work at The Meadows, viz. specializer cognition, measuring student advancement, pass oning with other professionals every bit good as parents and pulling upon old experience. In relation to these findings, other research suggests that blurred professional boundaries and deficiency of lucidity around functions and duties can constitue a barrier to integrated working ( Cameron and Lart, 2003 ) . In contrast, other research has shown that joint-working relies upon the meeting of the accomplishment, experience and cognition of each professional to bring forth positive results that merely working together can accomplish ( Rushmer and Pallis, 2002 ) .When look intoing how multi-agency working at The Meadows could be improved for future service bringing, staff felt that betterments could be made to the effectivity of communicating between professional groups and where there is function ambiguity originating from integrated worki ng ( Percy-Smith, 2005 Stewart, Petch, & A Curtice, 2003 ) . For case, there is ambiguity around the different functions and duties of professional bureaus who work at the school. Expand on thisThe consequences of this survey are supported by findings from old research on multi-agency working which suggest that clip is a cardinal hinderance to effectual multi-agency working ( Gill, 1989 Hudson, 2003 Lloyd-Bennett & A Melvin, 2002 Stead et al. , 2004 Walker, 2003 ) . This survey indicates that The Meadows could develop communicating and apprehension. This could be encouraged through increased articulation working and chances for contact through meetings and preparation, better cognition of each other s functions would besides assist persons work together efficaciously. Encouragingly, professionals at The Meadows are by and large happening joint working a good and positive experience and are acute for it to develop.Through a mixed-method attack this survey captures the sentimen ts and contemplations of a group of professionals who have developed successful coaction to back up kids with complex and profound acquisition troubles who attend The Meadows and has explored ways in which this success can be built upon for future pattern.Word Count 5,798MentionsAnning, 2001Atkinson et al. , 2002Bank, 1992Barnes, 2008Barnes, 2008Brown and White ( 2006 )Cameron and Lart, 2003Cameron and Lart, 2003 ) .Carpenter ( 1995 ) ,Carpenter, 2000Clark, 1993 Pirrie et al. , 1998Cochrane, 2000 DCSF, 2008, School CensusDepartment of Health, 2001Dexter ( 1970 )DfES, 2003, 2004DfES, 2004DoH, 2006 ) .Easen, 1998FEFC, 1996Forbes, 2007Gerwirtz, 2002Gill, 1989 Hudson, 2003 Hirst and Baldwin, 1994Kimberlee, 2001LGA Research Report 26 Atkinson, Wilkin, Stott, Doherty, & A Kinder, 2002Lloyd-Bennett & A Melvin, 2002 Maras et al. , 2002McConkey, 2001Mencap, 2000 Nolan, 1995Percy-Smith, 2005 Pirrie et al. , 1998Roaf ( 2002Roaf and Lloyd, 1995Robson, C. ( 2002 ) Real World Research A Reso urce for Social Scientists and Practitioner-Researchers. 2nd erectile dysfunction. Oxford Blackwell.Rushmer and Pallis ( 2002 )Rushmer and Pallis ( 2002 )Sloper ( 2004Stead et al. , 2004 Stewart, Petch, & A Curtice, 2003 ) .Turner, 1992Walker, 2003Wilson and Pirrie, 2000Wilson and Pirrie, 2000World Health Organization, 2001

Overhead allocation methods

In manufacturing appeals argon incurred, these termss represents the comprise of drudgery that get out be used in determining the price that will be charged by the company to make profit or to breakeven. There are two forms of be count and verifying be. Before one attempts to charge embodys to greet centre or cost units it is important to consider why costs are incurred. Direct costs are costs that are traceable to a specific doing center, service, harvest-feasts or department. Raw materials will be mold cost as regards the finished product, and a time clerks wages are a direct cost for a accompaniment department.indirect cost is one which arise during the course of operations of the business but it is very difficult to designate it specifically to a single unit. For example judge paid to a local authority is an expense which benefits a subject of cost centres, and the time clerks wages referred to above would be an example of an indirect (wages) cost of the units produced by his department. Overhead parceling regularitys Direct costs normally present little difficulty in being allocated to cost units materials requisitions and workers time-sheets will flow sufficient indication of where the costs are to be changed.With indirect costs, however, whole items of costs may need to be divided in the midst of various cost centers and accumulated cost centre costs will then be allotted to costs units. These costs will first be classified according to function, i. e. production, general administration, marketing, research and development between functions. Each particular cost centre will then be allotted with its ingest costs and a cost centre total obtained. While apportioning indirect inconsistent command processing operating expense time to various production units or cost centers, cost and management accountants have many methods to use.One of the methods that is used is traditional methods and they give distorted costs where at times cu stomers may be charged high prices payable to everyplace allocation of the productions costs. They include method of allocating costs using direct labor, direct machine hours ,volume produced and former(a) many other methods in nearly instances they give wrong results which at times may chthonicvalue or overvalue produced units which may cause the firm to make less profits or supernormal profits from some units. It may also if they over value the produced product cause customers to shy away from the company.Therefore, the method used in apportioning of viewgraph used should be accurate in order to give the firm good profitability at the same time maintain the customers by charging them the expert price. In order to overcome the shortcoming of the traditional method of cost allocation modern methods are used. One of the methods that assist in bash allocation with minimal shortcomings is costs is use based costing. Activity based costing reduces the shortcomings by focusing on individual activities as the fundamental cost objects in allocation of costs. An activity is defined as an event, task, or unit of work with a specified purpose e.g. designing products, setting up machines, operating machines, and distributing products. This method uses costs of each activity and assigns this costs to costs units such as products or services as per the activities incurred while producing those units. Activity based costing focuses on individual costs, refining the assignment of indirect costs to departments, processes, products, and other cost objects that are to certain organization. To identify these activities, the company may organize a team up from design, manufacturing, distribution, accounting and administration or in various production units such as product A, B, C, D and so on.This method uses the following producers in identifying the activities- 1. Direct cost tracing a feature of Activity based costing establishments is aiming to indentify some cos ts or cost by subdividing existing cost pools. be in some new pools may qualify as direct costs. Direct tracing of costs improves cost accuracy and is simpler because, unlike indirect costs, cost pool and allocation bases do not have to be identified. 2. Indirect cost pools- Activity based costing systems create smaller cost pools link up to the different activities. 3.The apportionment bases-activity of each cost pool is used to measure not the direct labor as the traditional method for the apportionment of indirect overhead. The level of activity therefore is an economic factor which involves the calculation of the unit costs of output produced. Since fixed and overhead costs remain constant as output fluctuates, the greater the output, the lower will be the fixed overhead cost per unit. This problem does not affect the variable overhead rate variable costs per unit remain constant at all levels of activity, assuming always that prices remain stable.For management decision mak ing based on unspoiled unit costs, however, the level of activity is an important ingredient which must be taken into account when providing relevant information for such decisions. Based on an activity based costing allocation method of the overhead costs, each of the activity that goes into the product is computed its own overhead rate based on that activitys driver which is the activity charge/unit. Given this overhead rate, the total overhead cost allocated to the production of the original version other system i. e. other than the overhead allocated using the direct labor hours method.From the foregoing discussion activity based costing approach method identifies activities and Cost centers that allocations with which costs may conveniently be associated for the purpose of product costing. Basically, there are two types of cost centers for which cost are accumulated production and service cost centers. Production cost centers are those actually involved in production, such as machining and assembling departments. Service cost centers are those which exist to facilitate production, for example, maintenance, stores and canteen.The first stage in the parceling of the factory overheads costs to production costs centers is o collect and classifies factory overhead costs to production and service cost centers. Then it is apportioned the costs of the services cost centers to the production cost centers. If I assume that a firm has three service cost centers and two production cost centers, the apportionment of the service cost center costs involves selecting appropriate methods for apportioning these costs to the production cost centers. The accounting system of resource allocation am beaten(prenominal) with is activity based coating.Activity based accounting system is an accounting system that is used in resource allocation to various activities in multinational manufacturing firms and is further to adopted by small firms. The allocation of total general o verhead by this system is allocated based on direct labor hours and machine hours in my organization. The activities of production for the company are allocated the total overhead using calculated overhead rates per hour of machine and labour. Then the figure obtained is multiplied per the number of hours each activity is using. The Labour and machine hours are taken as cost drivers for each activity.This method has assisted the company reduce customer complains of over charging in prices. Activity based costing system of accounting considers a number of activities that takes place in various production units. It is considered the topper method of allocating overhead within production unit. In my organization direct cost are those cost which are direct and easily costs that are attributable to production and indirect costs are those costs which arise during the existence of the business as whole. Indirect cost can not be attributed to any production unit it is only distributed vari ous production units based on activity based system.The underlying normals, conventions and objects of this method similar to other methods, but the application of those principle and the methods by which the objects are to be achieved must vary with circumstances. This does not mean, however, that the processes and procedures of a business must remain unaffected by the introduction of a system of cost accounts. This method of costing influences price because they affect supply. The lower the cost of producing a product relative to the price customers pays for it, the greater the quantity of a product the company is willing to supply.Managers who understand the cost of producing their companies products set prices that make the products attractive to customers while maximizing their companies operating incomes. In computing the relevant costs for a pricing decision the coach must consider relevant costs in all value. This method is also used in assessing the performance of manager responsible for fightning production units independently. The best criteria according to my view are the one without the allocation of indirect costs. This is because of manager should be held responsible for the costs that is under their direct control.They are free to make decisions that could increase or decrease the cost of operation of a unit. The efficiency and effectiveness of a manager should be judged from his ability to generate maximum revenue from operation and to keep the cost associated with this revenue at a minimum level. This will present a clearer ascertain to evaluate the performance of a manager of a unit. Although each unit produce certain amount of indirect costs but these cannot be forthwith attributed to the unit from which it had originated.So the company devised a formula of allocating this cost to each unit based on units revenue producing capability. However as say earlier, there is no set criterion to allocate indirect cost to different units and it varies from business to business. This allocation of indirect costs is discretionary and could create torture in evaluating the performance of a manager. So in order to help manager accountable for results they are evaluated on the basis of operation under their direct control. Activity based costing considers a number of activities that takes place to allocate different types of costs unlike other methods.Activity based costing method is considered the best way in overhead allocation and allotment within production units. It considers a variety of activities and it gives a more accurate answer as compared to other methods of allocation. Case Study It is the policy of Dealogic, LLC to give their managers a high level of independence to make decisions for which they are held accountable for the results. That means they are free to run their units as they like. They are responsible to generate maximum revenue from unit under their command and to restrict cost incurred during the yea r.There are two type of costs generated at each unit. 1) Direct costs ( Traceable consulting costs) 2) Indirect costs (Non-Traceable consulting costs) Direct costs in this case is that cost which can be directly and easily attributed to revenue generating operations of the business and indirect cost is one which arise during the course of operations of the business but it is very difficult to attribute it specifically to a single unit. So whole of the indirect costs from all the units are combined and then allocated a fair portion of this cost to each unit based on some criteria.In case of Dealogic, LLC, this criterion is based on revenue generation from each unit and indirect cost is then allocated to each unit depending upon the amount of revenue generated from each unit. This criterion varies from business to business. But the purpose is to allocate this indirect cost based on a criteria that has some direct relationship with this indirect costs. Conclusion The choice of one part icular overhead rate as against the others may substantially affect the amount of overhead costs apportioned to a unit of product.Consequently, variations in full- product costs may result simply from the manner in which the overhead rate is selected. The rate to use depends on the particular circumstances facing the firm. The direct labor cost, base is easy to use since the necessary information is normally readily available. There may be no relationship, however between direct labor costs and overhead costs indeed, most factory overhead costs are incurred on a time basis and are not related to the labor payroll. However Activity based Accounting is the most appropriate has it allocates accurately than the other methods. ReferencesAtril, P. F. and McLaney, E. J. (2002). Management accounting for non-specialists, 3rd edn (financial times prentice Hall) pp. 102-108 Drury C (2000) Management and cost Accounting5th edition ,business exhort Thomson Learning78-85 Horngren, C. T. , Bhima n A. , foster G. , and Datar, S. M. (1999). Cost accountin A managerial Emphasis, (prentice Hall Europe) pp. 135-160 Larson D, Kermit, Wild, J. john & Chippetta Barbara(1996) fundamentals of accounting principle London Irwin. Wald J (2000) Biggss Cost accounting The incline Language Book Society and MacDonald and Evans Ltd London & Plymouth pp 98-136

Us history

We manoeuver nothing by conquest, Thank god. Zinn uses this statement to map how atrocious the conquest in truth was since there was a conquest. the States wanted to hide its evil ways behind the facade of saying that America larn solid ground always through with(predicate) peaceful purchases. The state of war was very un everyday to many.Polk said that the war was to gain atomic number 20 and also said that Mexicans invaded first. On this chapter Zinn focuses on the Mexican American war and how it really was a conquest caused by Polk. In 1821, Mexico won its independence in a revolutionary war against Spain. Mexico was a large country which include Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and part of Colorado. In 183 Texas broke of from Mexico and declared itself The lone star republic and in 1845 the U. S intercourse brought it into the union as a state.Later in spring of 1846, all that was needed was a military incident to begin the war Polk wanted. It happened after Gen eral Taylors quartermaster, Colonel blow isappeared. His body was assemble 11 days later. It was assumed that the Mexicans had killed him. A lot of the Anti-Slavery congressmen selectd against all war measures. Seeing the mexican campaign as a inwardness of extending the southern. Slave territory Joshua Giddings explains his vote against supplying men and arms for the war.To Howard Zinn looks like Polk was the only one that wanted California to be part of his ground. The war exactly begun in the summer of 1846, when a writer who lived in Washington refused to pay his Massachusetts poll tax. Denouncing the mexican war. He was put into Jail and spent the wickedness there. Zinn argues that the president Polk pushed for the war because he wanted to expand. He wanted to go as southwest as possible. He thought the United States needed to be larger. Polk wanted California for America before anyone else could get it.It was not right for him to move his troops into an area that was al ready claimed by Mexicans. The war was not popular and the soldiers wanted to go home. alike(p) Zinn said I dont think it was right to Just take agriculture from Mexico Just because the president wants it. I think thats ot fair. Polks leading as president ofa nation that was quickly expanding not care for the mexican people already living there. Zinn gives a quote from the diary of Colonel Ethan Allen Hitchcock, who opposed measures interpreted by General Taylor to affix Texas.Hitchcock explains, He seems to have lost all respect for Mexican rights and is willing to be an instrument of Mr. Polk for pushing our boundary as far west as possible, (A peoples history of the United States page 150). The feelings for this burst of expansion were varied some believed it unnecessary to ifferent degrees and opposed or refuse to go into war with Mexico Just to take their land , while others strongly favored the extra land.In fact, a new attitude was developed during this time, the one of manifest destinyAmericans technically went into conquest because Cross was found dead eleven days after he disappeared and Mexicans were responsible for it. They didnt know who killed it so they actually went into conquest because Polk was already intend on taking California from Mexico. Americans assumed the war begin by the mexicans after killing Cross. No one wanted to go to war with anyone. The American people were not aroused or impatient for this.In conclusion a part of me was shocked while another part of me knew that these actions were not uncommon. While it is difficult for me to determine what the United States finish is right now (perhaps stability) its easy to see what kind of mindset these powerful leaders back then had. It was all to the highest degree the idea that Americans were entitled to the land they set their eyes on. knowing that the united states of America used to be so grossly land- obsess. Then again, who knows what our country is obsessed with today it could be land once again.Us historyWe take nothing by conquest, Thank god. Zinn uses this statement to present how atrocious the conquest really was since there was a conquest. America wanted to hide its evil ways behind the facade of saying that America acquire land always through peaceful purchases. The war was very unpopular to many.Polk said that the war was to gain California and also said that Mexicans invaded first. On this chapter Zinn focuses on the Mexican American war and how it really was a conquest caused by Polk. In 1821, Mexico won its independence in a revolutionary war against Spain. Mexico was a large country which included Texas, New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, Arizona and part of Colorado. In 183 Texas broke of from Mexico and declared itself The lone star republic and in 1845 the U. S Congress brought it into the union as a state.Later in spring of 1846, all that was needed was a military incident to begin the war Polk wanted. It happened after General Taylors quart ermaster, Colonel Cross isappeared. His body was found eleven days later. It was assumed that the Mexicans had killed him. A lot of the Anti-Slavery congressmen voted against all war measures. Seeing the mexican campaign as a means of extending the southern. Slave territory Joshua Giddings explains his vote against supplying men and arms for the war.To Howard Zinn looks like Polk was the only one that wanted California to be part of his nation. The war barely begun in the summer of 1846, when a writer who lived in Washington refused to pay his Massachusetts poll tax. Denouncing the mexican war. He was put into Jail and spent the night there. Zinn argues that the president Polk pushed for the war because he wanted to expand. He wanted to go as southwest as possible. He thought the United States needed to be larger. Polk wanted California for America before anyone else could get it.It was not right for him to move his troops into an area that was already claimed by Mexicans. The war w as not popular and the soldiers wanted to go home. Like Zinn said I dont think it was right to Just take land from Mexico Just because the president wants it. I think thats ot fair. Polks leadership as president ofa nation that was quickly expanding not care for the mexican people already living there. Zinn gives a quote from the diary of Colonel Ethan Allen Hitchcock, who opposed measures taken by General Taylor to annex Texas.Hitchcock explains, He seems to have lost all respect for Mexican rights and is willing to be an instrument of Mr. Polk for pushing our boundary as far west as possible, (A peoples history of the United States page 150). The feelings for this burst of expansion were varied some believed it unnecessary to ifferent degrees and opposed or refuse to go into war with Mexico Just to take their land , while others strongly favored the extra land.In fact, a new attitude was developed during this time, the one of manifest destinyAmericans technically went into conque st because Cross was found dead eleven days after he disappeared and Mexicans were responsible for it. They didnt know who killed it so they actually went into conquest because Polk was already planning on taking California from Mexico. Americans assumed the war begin by the mexicans after killing Cross. No one wanted to go to war with anyone. The American people were not excited or impatient for this.In conclusion a part of me was shocked while another part of me knew that these actions were not uncommon. While it is hard for me to determine what the United States goal is right now (perhaps stability) its easy to see what kind of mindset these powerful leaders back then had. It was all about the idea that Americans were entitled to the land they set their eyes on. knowing that the united states of America used to be so grossly land-obsessed. Then again, who knows what our country is obsessed with today it could be land once again.

Cultural Competence Essay

The claim that every person is a product of his birth pagan context which includes, among former(a) occasions, his life experiences as well as family, religion, ethnicity and age (Kim, 2001, p. 207) reflects the idea that ethnic competence inevitably requires an understanding of anformer(a)(prenominal) tidy sums pagan background early(a) than ones own.While it is true that our cultural inventory provides us with valu adequate insights for understanding our beliefs and attitudes as well as our values and assumptions (Kim, 2001, p.207), it is likewise historic to consider the need to fill that inventory with how opposite somebodys perceive people from other cultural backgrounds. With respect to cultural competence, it is not always adequacy to satisfy the need to widen our cultural awargonness solely through our own(prenominal) association of other cultures.Indeed, it is true that we should look into the different parts of our own cultural identity and examine their p ositive and negative impacts on our professional and personal development (Kim, 2001, p. 27). But more(prenominal) to that, we should also consider how other people see other people in terms of their cultural background.In essence, cultural competence can sustain cultural awareness and valuation reserve inasmuch as it can further foster interaction among cultures. According to Johnson, Lenartowicz and Apud (2006), cultural competence involves at least four elements knowledge of personal cultural worldview, knowledge of other cultural worldviews and practices, perception towards differences in cultures, and cross-cultural skills. Assuming that we are the products of each of our own cultural backgrounds, it appears that to be culturally competent means to be able to recognize other cultures and to be able to interact with those cultures.Interaction can come in many forms, from simple hand and facial gestures to the more mixed ones such as personal interaction on a verbal basis. Wha tever way we choose to interact with people who belong to another culture, it is important to practice tolerance towards cultural differences. Cultural superstition can very well lead to disagreement or, worse, to bigotry. Cultural competence presupposes cultural tolerance barely because the latter allows individuals from distinct cultures to interact with one another without resorting to hatred or bigotry.Cultural tolerance can only progress if people begin to acquit the idea that the belief-systems that each one of us subscribes to does not necessarily invoke the task to assimilate others into our own belief-systems (Persell, 1997). It can also progress if people are able to realize that various cultures can live side-by-side without necessarily interfering with the affairs of one another (Fischer, 2007). If communities of individuals are able to coexist and interact, the cultural ornament passs one that is peaceful and lively.In a peaceful and lively society thriving with un ique cultures, the task of obtaining and practicing cultural competence becomes an easy task. On the other hand, a society where racial bigotry exists among others is a society that pre-empts cultural competence right at the bud. One way to achieve cultural tolerance is through seeing and understanding how other people understand other people from other cultures. Additionally, it also helps to see and understand how other individuals interact with other individuals from other cultures.Like a third-person viewer, being aware of the dynamics of the cultural exchanges of people expands our mental horizons as we become more equipped with cultural knowledge that we may have hardly had in directly interacting with people from other cultures. Our cultural inventory becomes more comprehensive since we are able to gather more information about how people from different cultures communicate, for instance, with one another. Many different forms of cultural exchanges happen in ordinary life and to be able to ask witness to these different forms gives us a clearer picture of what it takes to be culturally competent.When we begin to realize that cultures do not essentially incite hatred and indifference, we become more convinced to study other cultures and to mingle with other people. Eventually, being culturally competent becomes an easy task to take. Another way to achieve cultural tolerance is through a theoretical study of the practices and beliefs of various cultures. This can be done with the help of academic institutions which offer formal ways to enwrap and to educate people about the ways of other cultures.These institutions provide a pivotal role in enlightening peoplepresumably studentsabout unknown cultures and their practices and beliefs. Armed with cultural insight, people can, in a manner of communicateing, let other cultures be. Moreover, the education given by these academic institutions provide a of import block towards reaching the goal of cultural competence for without at least an academic knowledge of cultures there can hardly be any individual progress towards any one of the four elements of cultural competence.Perhaps the most effective and yet most difficult way of achieving cultural tolerance is through the study and practice of the languages of other people. Interestingly, it is argued that language holds the most useful key to understanding other cultures (DAndrade, 2002). The setup and function of the linguistic component of culture appears to be universal. That is, every language in the world regardless of cultural distinctions involves the receiver and the sender of the message of the medium, language being the medium.Language regardless of cultural distinctions is essentially used for communication, which is why learning a foreign language is a crucial step in learning a foreign culture because it enables us to penetrate linguistic barriers. Having the language of another culture as part of our so-called cultural inventory is a formidable advantage in fade out the hindrances towards a comprehensive cultural awareness and, ultimately, cultural competence. How is it possible that cultural tolerance leads to cultural competence?For the most part, a person who is tolerant of other cultures is a person who has already satisfied the need to know ones own culture and other cultures. An individual cannot be tolerant of a culture which he or she is not even aware of. Moreover, the culturally tolerant person is also someone who has already formed his own perceptions towards other cultures including his own. The only affair missing in all of these is the actual practice of that tolerance into reality. A person who is fully tolerant of other cultures is one who is already able to interact with other individuals who belong to another race or religion, for instance.As a case in point, expatriates are people who have been cloaked into another culture in more or less the same way as they have absorbed suc h culture into their lives. They are culturally tolerant individuals because, at the least, they are able to mingle and live with people of what used to be a different culture. More importantly, expatriates are also individuals who be possessed of cultural competence not only as a result of their cultural tolerance but also as a product of their concern and inclination in becoming one with another culture.They become thoroughly attached to another culture to the point that they are already able to speak the native tongue, subscribe to and practice the dominant religion or even adapt the general lifestyle of that culture. In any case, cultural competence and cultural tolerance go with one another in most, if not all, instances. It may be noted, however, that our reflection on the various aspects of our own cultural identity and our scrutiny of their positive and negative impacts on our professional and personal development (Kim, 2001, p. 207) may not necessarily lead to cultural co mpetence.It may only lead us to cultural tolerance to a certain degree without ever reaching the stage of putting into practice what we have learned from our acts of reflection and mental testing of our cultural identity. Even though each of us is a product of our cultural background (Kim, 2001, p. 2007), we are not naturally inclined to be culturally competent. The concomitant that there are people who struggle to become culturally competent and that there are those who deny themselves of the chance to become one suggests the same thinghuman beings are not naturally inclined to know other cultures and to interact with them.However, what it entails on a positive note is the idea that there is the accident of an overlap among the many different factors involved in determining the cultural identities of individuals. Perhaps the biggest struggle towards achieving cultural competence is overcoming the possibility of treating ones personal cultural worldview or even ones culture as su perior to the rest. In submitting to such risk, we become more prone to cultural intolerance as we tend to put down cultures other than our own.We may eventually lose interest in knowing other cultural worldviews and in sight people of different cultures interact with one another from an outsiders perspective. Our cultural inventory becomes filled only with our own cultural worldviews and our reflection and examination of culture may hardly extend towards other cultures. Nevertheless, people can overcome all these risks and struggles as part of the task of becoming culturally competent.A persons level of cultural competence may hardly be quantified (Fischer, 2007) but it does not mean that there is no such thing as cultural competence. The fact that cultures exist and the fact that each person is the product of his own cultural background (Kim, 2001) suggests that interaction among cultures is possible, if not highly likely. Obtaining cultural competence may be a laborious task but , in the end, it poses large benefits in sustaining cultural tolerance on both personal and assort levels. REFERENCES DANDRADE, R. (2002) Cultural Darwinism and Language.American Anthropologist, 104, 223-232. FISCHER, M. M. J. (2007) Culture and Cultural Analysis as Experimental Systems. Cultural Anthropology, 22, 1-65. JOHNSON, J. P. , LENARTOWICZ, T. & APUD, S. (2006) Cross-Cultural Competence in International Business Toward a Definition and a Model. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 525-543. KIM, E. Y. (2001) The Yin and Yang of American Culture A Paradox, London, Intercultural Press. PERSELL, C. H. (1997) The Interdependence of Social Justice and Civil Society. Sociological Forum, 12, 149-172.

Omega Dietary suppliments

Organizations being squeezed between labor and product markets need to A. Couple be policies with original HER, production, and marketing management to make workers contributions more valuable and products more profitable. B. Change their strategic mission and direction, pathetic to more attractive Industries. C. give the sack from Job-based pay structures to skill-based pay systems, where employees are empowered and jobs are more enriched. D. Move their operations overseas. 2. Pay specifically designed to energize, direct, or control employees behavior is known asA. Empowerment pay. B. explain pay. C. Indirect pay. D. Incentive pay. 3. Three of the undermenti mavend are vesting rights. Which is not a vesting right? A. The right to a pension regardless of whether or not the employee remains with the employer until retirement B. In to the highest degree cases, a postp acement period of no more than five years or a three- to seven-year period, with 20 percent in the third and e ach year thereafter C. The right to a pension at retirement D. A guarantee that the employer wont switch the pension plan from defined-benefit to defined-contribution plan 4.A system in which an employer pays a worker specifically for each unit produced Is known as A. Hourly lucre. B. Salary. C. Piecework rate. D. Gross pay. 5. Which level of child care Is most frequently provided by organizations with 100 or more employees? A. The organization offers no support within this area. B. The organization operates a day- care center at or near the workplace. C. The organization supplies and helps employees collect information or so the cost and quality of available child care. D. The organization provides vouchers or discounts for employees to use at existing hill-care facilities. . repayable to increasing diversity within the workplace, many employers are extending benefits to A. Independent contractors. B. Domestic partners. C. Anyone living within the employees household. D. Exten ded-family members. 7. Since the sass, the abridge in larger public companies is to grant stock options to A. All exempt employees. B. All employees. C. All return and middle managers. D. Only top management. 8. Which act permits a lower training wage, which employers may pay to workers chthonian the age of 20 for a period of up to 90 days?DAD 9. On average, let on Of every donor spent on compensation, about cents go to benefits. A. 30 B. 8 C. 45 D. 17 10. The S bathdal plan is a variation of which type of incentive? A. Merit pay B. Shanghaiing C. Profit communion D. Individual 11. From which source do most retirees receive the largest percentage of their retirement income? A. Private pensions B. Social credential C. Disability insurance D. Earnings from personal assets 12. Which of the following is a false statement about identify jobs? A. Key Jobs are Jobs on which its possible to obtain arrest-pay survey data. . Key Jobs are relatively abiding in content. C. Key Jobs pac k many incumbents within the organization. D. Key Jobs are common to many organizations. 13. Employees who have met the enrollment and length-of-service requirements to receive a pension at retirement, regardless of whether they remained with the employer until that time, are said to be A. Pensioners. B. Vested. C. Retirees. D. Expatriates. 14. Which of the following is not an advantage of a balanced measures that are directed toward both the companys longhand short-term objectives.B. communication a balanced scorecard helps employees understand the organizations goals and how they might contribute to these goals. C. A balanced scorecard colligate external pay rates with internal Job structures, allowing organizations to gain both internal and external pay equity. D. A balanced scorecard balances the disadvantages of one type of incentive pay with the advantages of another type. 15. If employees conclude that theyre underrated, theyre in all probability to make up the difference in three of the following ways.Which is not a way in which employees who eel underrated are likely to make up the difference? A. Refusing to cooperate B. Finding a way to crucify their outcomes C. Reducing their inputs D. Withdrawing by leaving the organization 16. Which of the following is an advantage of group incentives? A. Groups trying to outdo one another in satisfying customers B. Encouraging team members to compete with each other so they can achieve their goal C. Group more likely using a broad range of writ of execution measures D. Rewarding the performance of all employees at a facility 17.An employee produces 0 components in an hour and earns $8. 00 ($. 80 x 10), while an employee who produces 12 components per hour earns $9. 60 ($. 80 x 12). This arrangement is an examinationple of a plan. A. Straight-salary B. Commission C. Differential-piece-rate D. Straight-piecework 18. Which of the following is a false statement about the Fair Labor Standards Act? A. assessable employees are covered by ELSE and include most hourly workers. B. The overtime rate under the ELSE is one and a half times the employees hourly rate, including any bonuses and piece-rate payments. C.The FALLS remits a submission training wage equal to 85 percent of the minimum wage. D. The ELSE requires federal contractors to pay prevailing wage rates. End of exam 19. An organization is adjusting pay to better match a local labor market in which the cost of living is rising sharply. These adjustments are called A. Green-circle rates. B. Rank-and-file adjustments. C. Pay differentials. D. Bonuses. 20. The National Compensation Survey is an ongoing activity of the A. FALL-CIO. B. rescript for Human Resource Management. C. American Management Association. D. Bureau of Labor Statistics.